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作者：Liu, Mengdi; Buntaine, Mark T.; Anderson, Sarah E.; Zhang, Bing
作者单位：University of International Business & Economics; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Nanjing University of Finance & Economics; Nanjing University
摘要：We provide national-scale experimental evidence from China showing that transparency by local governments improves the management of air pollution. Governments that perform better have more reasons to be transparent, making the causal relationship between transparency and policy outcomes difficult to disentangle. In 2015, we randomly assigned municipal governments in China to a high-visibility, public rating of their adherence to national requirements for transparency about their regulation of...
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作者：Slowinski, Samuel P.; Kido, Allyson K.; Alexander, Laura W.; Shirdon, Andrea H.; Bruns, Emily L.
作者单位：University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University of New England - Maine; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
摘要：High juvenile susceptibility drives infectious disease epidemics across kingdoms, yet the evolutionary mechanisms that maintain this susceptibility are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that juvenile susceptibility is maintained by high costs of resistance by quantifying the genetic correlation between host fitness and age-specific innate resistance to a fungal pathogen in a wild plant. We separately measured the resistance of 45 genetic families of the wild plant, Silene latifolia, to its end...
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作者：Son, Namil; Kim, Heejin; Kim, Jaeil; Park, Jihye; Byun, Dohwan; Park, Sang-jun; Kim, Hyein; Park, Yeong Mi; Bourguet, Pierre; Berger, Frederic; Choi, Kyuha
作者单位：Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH); Austrian Academy of Sciences; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI)
摘要：Meiotic crossovers rearrange allele combinations and create offspring diversity. Crossovers occur nonrandomly along chromosomes, predominantly in distal euchromatin and less in pericentromeric heterochromatin marked with histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) and the H2A variant H2A.W inArabidopsis thaliana. Loss of H3K9me2 increases heterochromatic crossovers, but how H2A.W affects crossover formation in pericentromeric regions is unknown. Here, we report that H2A.W is required to restri...
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作者：Zhu, Junji; Li, Xiong; Caia, Xiaolian; Zhoua, Ziwen; Liaoa, Qian; Liu, Xing; Wang, Jing; Xiao, Wuhan
作者单位：Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Hydrobiology, CAS; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences
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作者：Altavini, Tiago S.; Chen, Minggui; Astorga, Guadalupe; Yan, Yin; Li, Wu; Freiwald, Winrich; Gilbert, Charles D.
作者单位：Rockefeller University; Beijing Normal University
摘要：The hierarchical view of the ventral object recognition pathway is primarily based on feedforward mechanisms, starting from a fixed basis set of object primitives and ending on a representation of whole objects in the inferotemporal cortex. Here, we provide a different view. Rather than being a fixed labeled line for a specific feature, neurons are continually changing their stimulus selectivities on a moment-to-moment basis, as dictated by top-down influences of object expectation and percept...
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作者：Kaye, Thomas G.; Bak, Judyta; Marcelo, Henry William; Pittman, Michael
作者单位：Jagiellonian University; Chinese University of Hong Kong; University of London; University College London
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作者：Deng, Yuhang; Maple, M. Brian
作者单位：University of California System; University of California San Diego
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作者：Xia, Deming; Zeng, Fanqi; Chen, Wanting; Zhao, Hui; Xie, Hong - bin; Chen, Jingwen; Francisco, Joseph S.
作者单位：Dalian University of Technology; University of Pennsylvania; Dalian University of Technology; State Key Laboratory Surfactant Fine Chemistry
摘要：Peptides and proteins, essential components of living organisms, are composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. However, the mechanism of peptide bond formation during the prebiotic era remains unclear. In this study, advanced Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulations were used to investigate the mechanisms and kinetics of peptide bond formation at air-water interfaces using diglycine, the simplest dipeptide, as a model molecule. The results show that peptide bonds can be ra...
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作者：Xu, Liang; Chen, Ye; Dutra-Clarke, Marina; Mayakonda, Anand; Hazawa, Masaharu; Savinoff, Steve E.; Doan, Ngan; Said, Jonathan W.; Yong, William H.; Watkins, Ashley; Yang, Henry; Ding, Ling-Wen; Tyner, Jeffrey W.; Ching, Jianhong; Kovalik, Jean- Paul; Madan, Vikas; Chan, Shing-Leng; Muschen, Markus; Breunig, Joshua J.; Lin, De-Chen; Koeffler, H. Phillip
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作者：Wilken, Alec T.; Sellers, Kaleb C.; Cost, Ian N.; Davis, Julian; Middleton, Kevin M.; Witmer, Lawrence M.; Holliday, Casey M.
作者单位：University of Chicago; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; University System of Ohio; Ohio University; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia
摘要：The origin of birds represents a pivotal transition in vertebrate evolution, marked by significant changes in both brain size and feeding biomechanics. The evolution of the avian skull involved dramatic modifications, such as a segmented palate and the development of powered cranial kinesis in neognath birds. Powered kinesis, the ability to move parts of the skull independently, is considered a key innovation behind the dietary diversity and evolutionary success of birds. However, the processe...
