-
作者：Vafa, Keyon; Athey, Susan; Blei, David M.
作者单位：Harvard University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Columbia University; Columbia University
摘要：The rise of foundation models marks a paradigm shift in machine learning: instead of training specialized models from scratch, foundation models are trained on massive datasets before being adjusted or fine-tuned to make predictions on smaller datasets. Initially developed for text, foundation models have also excelled at making predictions about social science data. However, while many estimation problems in the social sciences use prediction as an intermediate step, they ultimately require d...
-
作者：Yoshimura, Shin-ichiro; Sobajima, Tomoaki; Kunii, Masataka; Harada, Akihiro
作者单位：University of Osaka
摘要：Maintenance of pH within membranous organelles is crucial for cellular processes such as posttranslational modifications, ligand-receptor interactions, and proteostasis. The precise mechanisms that determine the luminal pH of each organelle are not fully understood. This study investigated the mechanisms that regulate luminal pH to ensure optimal enzymatic activity. We identified Oxr1 and its paralog Ncoa7, which regulate the vacuolar-type proton pump ATPase (V-ATPase) at the Golgi apparatus a...
-
作者：Peter, Sandra; Riemer, Kai; West, Jevin D.
作者单位：University of Sydney; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
摘要：A growing body of research suggests that the recent generation of large language model (LLMs) excel, and in many cases outpace humans, at writing persuasively and empathetically, at inferring user traits from text, and at mimicking human-like conversation believably and effectively-without possessing any true empathy or social understanding. We refer to these systems as anthropomorphic conversational agents to aptly conceptualize the ability of LLM-based systems to mimic human communication so...
-
作者：Berry, Alexander S. F.; Finucane, Brenda M.; Myers, Scott M.; Martin, Christa L.; Ledbetter, David H.; Willard, Huntington F.; Oetjens, Matthew T.
作者单位：Geisinger Health System; State University System of Florida; Florida State University
摘要：Many human phenotypic traits vary between the sexes, including adult height for which males are, on average, 13 cm taller than females. The biological mechanisms for this sexual dimorphism are not entirely understood. One hypothesis to explain the sexual dimorphism in height relates to differential expression in males and females of SHOX, a height-related expression is reduced on the inactive X chromosome (Xi), compared to the active X in females. Sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs), characteri...
-
作者：Boosten, Manon; Sant, Camille; Da Silva, Ophelie; Chaffron, Samuel; Guidi, Lionel; Leclere, Lucas
作者单位：Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Nantes Universite; Ecole Centrale de Nantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute for Information Sciences & Technologies (INS2I); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite
摘要：Life history traits influence marine species dispersal and habitat colonization. Medusozoans (jellyfish and siphonophores) exhibit diverse life cycles, evolved from an ancestral cycle alternating between a benthic polyp and a pelagic medusa. Despite their ecological importance, factors shaping medusozoan distribution remain poorly understood. By integrating metabarcoding and environmental data from the Tara Oceans expedition with life history traits, we provide global evidence supporting the l...
-
作者：Holt, Jacob D.; Peng, Yixuan; Dalia, Triana N.; Dalia, Ankur B.; Nadell, Carey D.
作者单位：Dartmouth College; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
摘要：Horizontal gene transfer by natural transformation (NT) is induced in Vibrio cholerae upon attachment to chitin surfaces in the aquatic environment. Here, we show that free environmental DNA adsorbs to chitin surfaces under physiologically realistic conditions. Using live-cell imaging and a fluorescent NT reporter, we demonstrate with cellular resolution microscopy that V. cholerae utilizes chitin-bound DNA as a reservoir for genetic exchange. Additionally, we demonstrate that uptake of DNA fr...
-
作者：Leithner, Alexander; Staufer, Oskar; Mitra, Tanmay; Liberta, Falk; Valvo, Salvatore; Kutuzov, Mikhail; Dada, Hannah; Spaeth, Jacob; Zhou, Weijie; Schiele, Felix; Reindl, Sophia; Nar, Herbert; Hoerer, Stefan; Crames, Maureen; Comeau, Stephen; Young, David; Low, Sarah; Jenkins, Edward; Davis, Simon J.; Klenerman, David; Nixon, Andrew; Pefaur, Noah; Wyatt, David; Dushek, Omer; Kasturirangan, Srinath; Dustin, Michael L.
作者单位：University of Oxford; Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology; Leibniz Association; Leibniz Institut fur Neue Materialien (INM); University of Oxford; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences - Peking Union Medical College; Boehringer Ingelheim; University of Oxford; Boehringer Ingelheim; University of Oxford; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC); University of Oxford; University of Cambridge
摘要：Bispecific T cell engagers (TcEs) link T cell receptors to tumor-associated antigens on cancer cells, forming cytotoxic immunological synapses (IS). Close membrane-to-membrane contact (<= 13 nm) has been proposed as a key mechanism of TcE function. To investigate this and identify potential additional mechanisms, we compared four immunoglobulin G1-based (IgG1) TcE Formats (A-D) targeting CD3 epsilon and Her2, designed to create varying intermembrane distances (A < B < C < D). Small-angle X-ray...
-
作者：Ducrot, Charles; Drouet, Adele; Tessier, Beatrice; Desquines, Chloe; Cloatre, Tiffany; Mazouzi, Rania-Cerine; Levet, Florian; Favereaux, Alexandre; Letellier, Mathieu; Thoumine, Olivier
作者单位：Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Universite de Bordeaux
摘要：Neuroligins (NLGNs) are important cell adhesion molecules mediating trans-synaptic contacts between neurons. However, the high-yield biochemical isolation and visualization of endogenous NLGNs is hampered by the lack of efficient antibodies. Thus, to reveal their subcellular distribution, binding partners, and synaptic function, NLGNs were extensively manipulated using knock-down, knock-out, or overexpression approaches, leading to controversial results. As an alternative to the manipulation o...
-
作者：Peng, Yang; Peng, Tao; Chu, Yishan; Yan, Wei; Yao, Runyi; Wen, Xing; Qiu, Yuping; Wang, Meng; Xiao, Zhina; Zhang, Dan; Chen, Xiaoqian; Yin, Zhujun; Wang, Yichuan; Guo, Hongwei
作者单位：Southern University of Science & Technology; Southern University of Science & Technology
摘要：Greening immediately after etiolated- seedling's emergence from the soil is critical for plants to initiate their autotrophic life cycle through photosynthesis. The greening process relies on a complex transcriptional network that fine- tunes the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and prevents premature development of chloroplasts. In this study, we identified the Arabidopsis HOOKLESS1 (HLS1) as a key regulator of light- induced cotyledon greening. Our results demonstrated that HLS1 is essential for ...
-
作者：Lord, Kathryn A.; Larson, Greger; Allaby, Robin G.; Karlsson, Elinor K.
作者单位：University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; UMass Chan Medical School; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; University of Oxford; University of Warwick
摘要：The process of domestication is commonly perceived as a human achievement, and domestic species are typically assumed to be those under human control. Domestic species have emerged from a greater diversity of interactions than this perspective allows, and none of the many definitions proposed for domestication can readily, reliably, and consistently distinguish domestic and nondomestic populations. Here, we propose that the process of domestication should instead be defined solely as evolution...
