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作者：Radkani, Setayesh; Tenenbaum, Joshua B.; Saxe, Rebecca
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
摘要：Authorities, from parents of toddlers to leaders of formal institutions, use punishment to communicate disapproval and enforce social norms. Ideally, from whether and how severely a transgression is punished, targets and observers infer shared social norms. Yet in light of every punitive choice, observers also evaluate the motives and legitimacy of the authority. Here, we show that the effects of punishment can only be understood by considering these inferences simultaneously. We measured huma...
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作者：Ferraro, Kristy M.; Ferraro, Anthony L.; Monk, Julia D.; Forbes, Elizabeth S.
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作者：Sonani, Ravi R.; Liu, Ying; Xiang, Jialin; Cvirkaite-Krupovic, Virginija; Du, Shishen; Chen, Xiangdong; Krupovic, Mart; Egelman, Edward H.
作者单位：University of Virginia; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Wuhan University; Wuhan University; Wuhan University
摘要：Diverse extracellular filaments present on the surface of archaea mediate multiple key processes, such as motility, adhesion, and biofilm formation. Although several archaeal filament types have been characterized in considerable detail, many remain understudied, particularly those utilizing noncanonical secretion systems. Here, we describe the Tafi bundling pilus that facilitates biofilm formation in the haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. J7-2. Unlike previously characterized archaeal pili, Tafi is s...
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作者：Heath-Heckman, Elizabeth
作者单位：Michigan State University; Michigan State University
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作者：Yanagisawa, Kuniaki; Nakai, Ryusuke; Asano, Kohei; Kashima, Emiko S.; Sugiura, Hitomi; Abe, Nobuhito
作者单位：Kobe University; Kyoto University; University of Osaka; La Trobe University
摘要：Optimism is a critical personality trait that influences future-oriented cognition by emphasizing positive future outcomes and deemphasizing negative outcomes. How does the brain represent idiosyncratic differences in episodic future thinking that are modulated by optimism? In two functional MRI (fMRI) studies, participants were scanned during an episodic future thinking task in which they were presented with a series of episodic scenarios with different emotional valence and prompted to imagi...
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作者：Luo, Canhuang; Ester, Edward F.
作者单位：Shenzhen University; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno
摘要：Traveling waves guide the spatial propagation of neural activity and computational processes across the brain. Traveling waves could contribute to the control of memory- guided behaviors by flexibly organizing the timing and direction of interactions between brain regions responsible for storing memory content with those responsible for producing task- relevant behaviors. Using short- term memory as a test case, we report evidence supporting this possibility. Analyses of human EEG data reveale...
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作者：Argenziano, Rossella; Gilboa, Itzhak
作者单位：University of Essex; Hautes Etudes Commerciales (HEC) Paris; Reichman University
摘要：We study the decision problem of a Proposer who has a set of applications to submit for approval to an Authority and can choose an order of submission. The Proposer's utility depends on the Authority's rulings. The Authority has to be consistent with its past decisions, which we model using the nearest-neighbor criterion. If the Proposer's utility increases with the set of approved applications, then any greedy strategy is optimal for her: She should submit any application that, given the curr...
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作者：Fan, Pan; Liu, Yaqing; Liu, Chunyue; Yao, Hao; Xu, Shibo; Jiang, Yueqing; Wu, Yang; Liu, Yan; Guo, Xing
作者单位：Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Medical University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science & Technology, CAS; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Medical University
摘要：Impairment of mitochondrial protein stability is associated with neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease (HD). However, the E3 ligase responsible for maintaining mitochondrial protein homeostasis in HD remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that NEDD4L protein levels are elevated in human striatal organoids (hSOs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of patients as well as in a mouse model of HD. Overexpression of NEDD4L leads to degeneration and cell death of medium...
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作者：Hoff, Hannah K.; Littleford-Colquhoun, Bethan L.; Kartzinel, Rebecca Y.; Anderson, Heidi M.; Geremia, Chris; McGarvey, Lauren M.; Segal, Carlisle; Kartzinel, Tyler R.
作者单位：Brown University; Brown University; Brown University; Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman
摘要：Evaluating species' roles in food webs is critical for advancing ecological theories on competition, coexistence, and biodiversity but is complicated by pronounced dietary variability within species and overlap across species. We combined dietary DNA metabarcoding, GPS tracking, and a machine-learning algorithm to cluster and compare dietary profiles within and among five migratory large-herbivore species from Yellowstone National Park. Interspecific niche partitioning was weak, but statistica...
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作者：Eckey, Martha; Li, Peng; Morrison, Braxton; Bergquist, Jonas; Davis, Ronald W.; Xiao, Wenzhong
作者单位：Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Uppsala University; Stanford University
摘要：Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and long COVID are persistent multisystem illnesses affecting many patients. With no known effective FDA-approved treatments for either condition, patient-reported outcomes of treatments may prove helpful in identifying management strategies that can improve patient care and generate new avenues for research. Here, we present the results of an ME/CFS and long COVID treatment survey with responses from 3,925 patients. We assess the exp...
