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作者：Mastrobuoni, Giovannni; Terlizzese, Daniele
作者单位：Collegio Carlo Alberto; European Central Bank; Bank of Italy
摘要：We estimate the effect on recidivism of replacing time served in a common closed-cell prison with time served in an open-cell one. We deal with the endogenous assignment of inmates to different prison regimes using variation that is driven by nearby prisons' overcrowd-ing. Switching regimes for a year reduces recidivism by around 6 percentage points. The effects are largest for inmates with low levels of education and are weak for violent and hardened criminals. (JEL K14, K42)
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作者：Stephens, Melvin; Toohey, Desmond
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Delaware
摘要：While economists have posited that health investments increase earnings, isolating the causal effect of health is challenging due to reverse causality and unobserved heterogeneity. We examine the labor market effects of a randomized controlled trial, the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), which monitored nearly 13,000 men for over six years. We find that this intervention, which provided a bundle of treatments to reduce coronary heart disease mortality, increased earnings and fam...
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作者：Stuart, Bryan A.
作者单位：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Philadelphia
摘要：This paper examines the long-run effects of the 1980-1982 recession on education and income. Using confidential census data, I estimate difference-in-difference regressions that exploit variation across counties in recession severity and across cohorts in age at the time of the recession. For individuals age 0-10 in 1979, a 10 percent decrease in earnings per capita in their county of birth reduces four-year college degree attainment by 15 percent and earnings in adulthood by 5 percent. Simple...
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作者：Miller, Conrad; Peck, Jennifer; Seflek, Mehmet
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Bureau of Economic Research; Swarthmore College
摘要：In settings where social norms promote gender segregation, firms may find it costly to employ both men and women. These integration costs may hinder women's employment. We develop a methodology to test for the presence of fixed integration costs and estimate counterfactual women's employment at all-male firms where these costs bind. We apply our approach in Saudi Arabia and find that integration costs bind for the majority of firms. We show that Nitaqat, a gender-neutral quota program that inc...
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作者：Gonzales, Mariella; Leon-Ciliotta, Gianmarco; Martinez, Luis R.
作者单位：University of Chicago; Pompeu Fabra University; Barcelona School of Economics; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK
摘要：We study voters' response to marginal changes to the fine for electoral abstention in Peru, leveraging variation from a nationwide reform. A smaller fine has a robust, negative effect on voter turnout, partly through irregular changes in voter registration. However, representation is largely unaffected, as most of the lost votes are blank or invalid. We also show that the effect of an exemption from compulsory voting is substantially larger than that of a full fine reduction, suggesting that n...
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作者：Fitzsimons, Emla; Vera-Hernandez, Marcos
作者单位：University of London; University College London; UCL Institute of Education; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; University of London; University College London
摘要：We show that children who are born at or just before the week-end are less likely to be breastfed, owing to poorer breastfeeding support services in hospitals at weekends. We use this variation to estimate the effect of breastfeeding on children's development in the first seven years of life, for a sample of births of low-educated mothers. We find large effects of breastfeeding on children's cog-nitive development but no effects on health or noncognitive devel-opment during the period of child...
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作者：Edin, Per-Anders; Fredriksson, Peter; Nybom, Martin; Ockert, Bjorn
作者单位：Uppsala University; Uppsala University; Uppsala University
摘要：This paper uses administrative data from Sweden to document trends in the labor market returns to skills. Between 1992 and 2013, the economic return to noncognitive skill-a psychologist-assessed measure of teamwork and leadership skill roughly doubled. The return to cognitive skill was relatively stable and decreased modestly during the 2000s, however. Among men with similar levels of education, the return to noncognitive skill is higher than the return to cognitive skill. The increasing retur...
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作者：Afzal, Uzma; D'Adda, Giovanna; Fafchamps, Marcel; Said, Farah
作者单位：New York University; New York University Abu Dhabi; University of Milan; Stanford University; Lahore School of Economics
摘要：We conduct lab experiments to investigate demand for consumption agency in married couples from Pakistan. Most subjects are no better at guessing their spouse's preferences than those of a stranger, suggesting that individual executive agency has instrumental value. We find significant evidence of demand for agency in all experiments, varying with the cost and anticipated instrumental benefit of agency. But subjects often make choices incompatible with purely instrumental motives-e.g., paying ...
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作者：Arthi, Vellore; Beach, Brian; Hanlon, W. Walker
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Irvine; National Bureau of Economic Research; Vanderbilt University; Northwestern University
摘要：We examine the health effects of the Lancashire Cotton Famine, a sharp downturn in Britain's cotton textile manufacturing regions that was induced by the US Civil War. Migration was an important response to this downturn, but as we document, migration also introduces a number of empirical challenges, which we overcome by introducing a new methodological approach. Our results indicate that the recession increased mortality among households employed in the cotton textile industry. We also docume...
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作者：Eichmeyer, Sarah; Zhang, Jonathan
作者单位：Bocconi University; McMaster University; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA)
摘要：We use practice variation across physicians to uncover the role of medical care in causing opioid dependence. Using health records of 2 million US veterans with emergency department visits, we find that quasi-random assignment to a top (versus bottom) decile prescribing provider significantly increases subsequent opioid use and misuse rates. Instrumental variable results show that opioid prescription receipt leads to a 20 percent increase in the probability of long-term prescription opioid use...
