-
作者：Ho, Kate; Pakes, Ariel
作者单位：Princeton University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Current proposals aimed at reducing U.S. pharmaceutical prices would have immediate benefits (particularly for low-income and elderly populations), but could dramatically reduce firms' investment in potentially highly welfare-improving Research and Development (R&D). The United States subsidizes the worldwide pharmaceutical market: U.S. drug prices are more than 250% of those in other Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. If each drug had a single internation...
-
作者：Wu, Yali; Wang, Shaonan; Guo, Zhicong; Sun, Min; Xu, Zhen; Du, Yu; Zhu, Fahui; Su, Yajuan; Xu, Zhou; Xu, Yi; Gong, Xu; Fang, Ruan; Hu, Jiaojiao; Peng, Yan; Ding, Zhaowen; Liu, Cong; Li, Ang; He, Weiwei
-
作者：Zhang, Hanming; de Urturi, Diego Saenz; Fernandez-Tussy, Pablo; Huang, Yan; Jovin, Daniel G.; Zhang, Xinbo; Huang, Shushu; Lek, Monkol; Catarino, Jonatas da Silva; Sternak, Magdalena; Citrin, Kathryn M.; Swirski, Fillip K.; Gustafsson, Jan - ake; Greif, Daniel M.; Esplugues, Enric; Biwer, Lauren A.; Suarez, Yajaira; Fernandez-Hernando, Carlos
作者单位：Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Jagiellonian University; Yale University; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; University of Houston System; University of Houston; Yale University
摘要：Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are the most abundant cell type in the artery's media layer and regulate vascular tone and lesion remodeling during atherogenesis. Like monocyte-derived macrophages, VSMCs accumulate excess lipids and contribute to the total intimal foam cell population in human coronary plaques and mouse aortic atheroma. While there are extensive studies characterizing the contribution of lipid metabolism in macrophage immunometabolic responses in atherosclerotic plaques, t...
-
作者：Barker, David H.; Carskadon, Mary A.; Ardito, Caroline Gredvig-; Hart, Chantelle N.; Raynor, Hollie A.; Scheer, Frank A. J. L.
作者单位：Brown University; Brown University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute
摘要：Late- day eating is linked to increased obesity risk; however, whether the endogenous circadian system independently influences caloric intake and if this control differs among individuals based on weight status is unknown. Here, we investigated in adolescents the independent roles of the endogenous circadian system and of the behavioral sleep/wake and female adolescents across three weight status categories (24 with healthy weight, 13 with overweight, and 14 with obesity) completed the protoc...
-
作者：Harvey, Gemma L.; Khan, Zareena; Albertson, Lindsey K.; Coombes, Martin; Johnson, Matthew F.; Rice, Stephen P.; Viles, Heather A.
作者单位：University of London; Queen Mary University London; Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman; University of Oxford; University of Nottingham; Manchester Metropolitan University
摘要：The collective influence of animals on the processes shaping the Earth's surface remains largely unknown, with most studies limited to individual species and well- known exemplars. To establish the global geomorphic significance of animals, we systematically reviewed and synthesized evidence across freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Over 600 animal taxa had reported geomorphic effects. For the 495 wild animals and 5 livestock identified to species level, we estimated their global abundance...
-
作者：Lanctot, Amy; Hendelman, Anat; Udilovich, Peter; Robitaille, Gina M.; Lippman, Zachary B.
作者单位：Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
摘要：Developmental transitions require precise temporal and spatial control of gene expression. In plants, such regulation is critical for flower formation, which involves the progressive maturation of stem cell populations within shoot meristems to floral meristems, followed by rapid sequential differentiation into floral organs. Across plant taxa, these transitions are orchestrated by the F- box transcriptional cofactor gene UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO). The conserved and pleiotropic functions of ...
-
作者：Joshy, Dennis; Santpere, Gabriel; Yi, Soojin V.
-
作者：Schaeffer, Breanna M.; Truscott, Tadd T.; Dickerson, Andrew K.
作者单位：University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; King Abdullah University of Science & Technology
摘要：Samaras are known for their elegant and robust autorotation, a resilience that persistsin the adverse conditions imposed by high-speed raindrops. Like flying insects, samarasdescending from tall trees are likely to be struck by raindrops in an intense storm. In thisstudy, we detail the collision dynamics for impact regions across the samara body andthe drop-shedding mechanisms that samaras exhibit to return to autorotation. Impactsacross the samara body can pitch the samara up to 60 degrees an...
-
作者：Baldos, Uris Lantz C.; Cisneros- Pineda, Alfredo; Fuglie, Keith O.; Hertel, Thomas W.
作者单位：Purdue University System; Purdue University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
摘要：Research investments in crop improvements, including by national and international agricultural research centers, have made significant contributions to raising yields of staple food crops in developing countries. Although mostly intended to improve food security and rural incomes, innovations in crop production also have major implications for the environment. Building on the latest productivity estimates from historical crop improvements in developing countries and using a gridded (0.25 degr...
-
作者：Paul, Maxum E.; Chen, Di; Vish, Kimberly J.; Lartey, Nathaniel L.; Hughes, Elizabeth; Freeman, Zachary T.; Saunders, Thomas L.; Stiegler, Amy L.; King, Philip D.; Boggon, Titus J.
作者单位：Yale University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Yale University; Yale University; Yale New Haven Hospital
摘要：Regulation of Ras GTPases by GTPase- activating proteins (GAPs) is essential for their normal signaling. Nine of the ten GAPs for Ras contain a C2 domain immediately proximal to their canonical GAP domain, and in RasGAP (p120GAP, p120RasGAP; RASA1) mutation of this domain is associated with vascular malformations in humans. Here, we show that the C2 domain of RasGAP is required for full catalytic activity toward Ras. Analyses of the RasGAP C2- GAP crystal structure, AlphaFold models, and seque...
