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作者：Lei, Wanyu; Clark, Damon A.; Demb, Jonathan B.
作者单位：Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University
摘要：Orientation is one of the most salient features in visual scenes. Neurons at multiple levels of the visual system detect orientation, but in many cases, the underlying biophysical mechanisms remain unresolved. Here, we studied mechanisms for orientation detection at the earliest stage in the visual system, in B/Kwide-field amacrine cells (B/KWACs), a group of giant, nonspiking interneurons in the mouse retina that coexpress Bhlhe22 (B) and Kappa Opioid Receptor (K). B/K WACs exhibit orientatio...
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作者：Natale, Francesca; Spinelli, Matteo; Rinaudo, Marco; Gulisano, Walter; Sarrapochiello, Ida Nifo; Aceto, Giuseppe; Puzzo, Daniela; Fusco, Salvatore; Grassi, Claudio
作者单位：Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; IRCCS Policlinico Gemelli; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; IRCCS Policlinico Gemelli; University of Catania; IRCCS - Oasi Research Institute
摘要：Protein post- translational modifications (PTM) play a crucial role in the modulation of synaptic function and their alterations are involved in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. S- palmitoylation is a PTM catalyzed by zinc finger DHHC domain containing (zDHHC) S- acyltransferases that affects both localization and activity of proteins regulating synaptic plasticity and amyloid-f3 (Af3) metabolism. Here, we found significant increases of both zDHHC7 expression and prote...
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作者：Yegian, Andrew K.; Heymsfield, Steven B.; Castillo, Eric R.; Mueller, Manfred J.; Redman, Leanne M.; Lieberman, Daniel E.
作者单位：Harvard University; Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University; Pennington Biomedical Research Center; University of Kiel
摘要：All organisms use limited energy to grow, survive, and reproduce, necessitating energy allocation tradeoffs, but there is debate over how selection impacted metabolic budgets and tradeoffs in primates, including humans. Here, we develop a method to compare metabolic rates as quotients of observed relative to expected values for mammals corrected for size, body composition, environmental temperature, and phylogenetic relatedness. Contrary to previous analyses, these quotients reveal that nonhum...
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作者：Huang, Jun; Larmore, Connor J.; Priest, Shelby J.; Xu, Ziyan; Dietrich, Fred S.; Yadav, Vikas; Magwene, Paul M.; Sun, Sheng; Heitman, Joseph
作者单位：Duke University; Duke University
摘要：While increased mutation rates typically have negative consequences in multicellular organisms, hypermutation can be advantageous for microbes adapting to the environment. Previously, we identified two hypermutator Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates that rapidly develop drug resistance due to transposition of a retrotransposon, Cnl1.Cnl1-mediated hypermutation is caused by a nonsense mutation in a gene encoding an RNA interference (RNAi) component, ZNF3, combined with a tremendous trans...
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作者：Li, Yuanyuan; Xu, Wenyan; Cheng, Yubao; Djenoune, Lydia; Zhuang, Chuzhi; Cox, Andrew Lee; Britto, Clemente J.; Yuan, Shiaulou; Wang, Siyuan; Sun, Zhaoxia
作者单位：Yale University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Yale University; Yale University
摘要：Axonemal dynein, the macromolecular machine that powers ciliary motility, assembles in the cytosol with the help of dynein axonemal assembly factors (DNAAFs). These DNAAFs localize in cytosolic foci thought to form via liquid-liquid phase separation. However, the functional significance of DNAAF foci formation and how the production and assembly of multiple components are so efficiently coordinated, at such enormous scale, remain unclear. Here, we unveil an axonemal dynein production and assem...
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作者：Zhang, Guoqiang; Miao, Yaqi; Song, Yuan; Wang, Liangliang; Li, Yawei; Zhu, Yuanxiang; Zhang, Wenxin; Sun, Qinmiao; Chen, Dahua
作者单位：Yunnan University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Zoology, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences
摘要：Early embryos undergo profound changes in their genomic architecture to establish the totipotent state, enabling pioneer factors to access chromatin and drive zygotic genome activation (ZGA). However, the mechanisms by which the totipotent state is established and properly interpreted by pioneer factors to allow orderly ZGA remain unknown. Here, we identify the H3.3- specific chaperone HIRA as a factor involving establishing totipotent-state chromatin in Drosophila early embryos. Through copha...
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作者：Blackmore, Elizabeth N.; Lloyd-Smith, James O.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Yale University
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作者：Munch, Federico D.; Romanowicz, Barbara; Mukhopadhyay, Sujoy; Rudolph, Maxwell L.
作者单位：Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Universite Paris Cite; University of California System; University of California Davis; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
摘要：High-resolution full waveform seismic tomography of the Earth's mantle beneath the south and central Atlantic Ocean brings into focus a series of asthenospheric low shear velocity channels, or fingers on both sides of the southern and central mid-Atlantic ridge (MAR), elongated in the direction of absolute plate motion with a spacing of similar to 1,800 to 2,000 km, and associated with bands of shallower residual seafloor depth anomalies that suggest channeled flow over thousands of kilometers...
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作者：Willemsen, Sam; Yengej, Fjodor A. Yousef; Puschhof, Jens; Rookmaaker, Maarten B.; Verhaar, Marianne C.; van Es, Johan; Beumer, Joep; Clevers, Hans
作者单位：Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hubrecht Institute (KNAW); Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Roche Holding; Princess Maxima Center; Roche Holding
摘要：Nuclear receptors (NRs) are widely expressed transcription factors that bind small, lipophilic compounds and regulate diverse biological processes. In the small intestine, NRs are known to act as sensors that control transcriptional responses to endogenous and exogenous signals, yet their downstream effects have not been characterized extensively. Here, we investigate the activation of six different NRs individually in human intestinal organoids using small molecules agonists. We observe chang...
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作者：Oguro-Igashira, Eri; Murakami, Mari; Mori, Ryota; Kuwahara, Ryuichi; Kihara, Takako; Kohara, Masaharu; Fujiwara, Makoto; Motooka, Daisuke; Okuzaki, Daisuke; Arase, Mitsuru; Toyota, Hironobu; Peng, Siyun; Ogino, Takayuki; Kitabatake, Yasuji; Morii, Eiichi; Hirota, Seiichi; Ikeuchi, Hiroki; Umemoto, Eiji; Kumanogoh, Atsushi; Takeda, Kiyoshi
作者单位：University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; Hyogo Medical University; Hyogo Medical University; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Shizuoka; University of Osaka
摘要：The intestinal lumen is rich in gut microbial metabolites that serve as signaling molecules for gut immune cells. G- protein- coupled receptors (GPCRs) sense metabolites and can act as key mediators that translate gut luminal signals into host immune responses. However, the impacts of gut microbe-GPCR interactions on human physiology have not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that GPR31, which is activated by the gut bacterial metabolite pyruvate, is specifically expressed on type 1 convent...
