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作者：Besley, T; Hall, J; Preston, I
作者单位：University of London; University College London; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：In spite of government dominance in financing health care in many countries, the private health care sector remains important. This is true even though most public provision is heavily subsidized, and in many cases free, at source. Britain's National Health Service fails to drive out the private sector because it suffers from certain inflexibilities. Here, we show that longer waiting lists for NHS treatment are associated with greater purchases of private health insurance. (C) 1999 Elsevier Sc...
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作者：Dee, TS
作者单位：University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology
摘要：This empirical study evaluates the policy responsiveness of teen drinking in models that can condition on the unobserved state-specific attributes that may have biased conventional evaluations. The results demonstrate that cross-state heterogeneity can be important and that beer taxes have relatively small and statistically insignificant effects on teen drinking. Models of youth traffic fatalities also indicate that the conventional beer tax elasticities are not robust to additional controls f...
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作者：Cutler, DM; Elmendorf, DW; Zeckhauser, R
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Federal Reserve System - USA; Harvard University
摘要：Proposition 2 1/2, a ballot initiative passed in Massachusetts in 1980, sharply reduced local property taxes. We examine why voters supported Proposition 2 1/2, using data on votes for the Proposition and for overrides of it a decade later. We find two reasons for the Proposition's support: people perceived agency losses from the difficulty of monitoring government, and people judged government to be inefficient because their tax burden was high. By the 1990s, people either regretted the sever...
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作者：Hamermesh, DS; Scoones, WD
作者单位：University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Victoria
摘要：In many federal systems a higher authority imposes changes that may alter lower-level policies, depending on the type of change and differences among lower-level parties. For example, we model changes in the parameters of American states' unemployment insurance (UI) systems when the federal government raises the UI tax ceiling. Bargaining among interested parties alters UI benefits and taxes. We estimate a 'difference-in-differences' model describing UI tax payments when federal increases in 1...
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作者：Martin, P
作者单位：Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole des Ponts ParisTech
摘要：This paper constructs a two-region endogenous growth model where industrial location and public infrastructures play a key role. The model analyzes the contribution of different types of public policies on growth, economic geography and spatial income distribution. It implies that an improvement in infrastructures that reduces transaction costs inside the poorest region decreases both the spatial concentration of industries, and the growth rate, and increases the income gap between the two reg...
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作者：Desai, MA; Hines, JR
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper examines the impact of the U.S. Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA) on international joint ventures by American firms. The TRA mandates the use of separate baskets in calculating foreign tax credits on dividends received from each foreign corporation owned 50% or less by Americans - which greatly reduces the attractiveness of joint ventures, especially those in low-tax foreign countries. Since the effect of the TRA on joint ventures varies with foreign tax rates, the country-level pattern ...
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作者：Beetsma, RMWJ; Bovenberg, AL
作者单位：Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; University of Amsterdam; Tilburg University
摘要：If discretionary monetary policy gives rise to an inflation bias, monetary unification boosts the accumulation of public debt. The additional debt accumulation harms welfare if governments are sufficiently myopic. In the presence of myopic governments, debt ceilings play a useful role in avoiding excessive debt accumulation in a monetary union and allowing a conservative, independent central bank to focus on price stability. With supply shocks, monetary unification results in excessive variabi...
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作者：Latham, R
作者单位：York University - Canada
摘要：This paper derives necessary and sufficient conditions for the difference between the compensating and equivalent variations due to a change in an exogenously determined commodity to be positive, zero, or negative. These conditions are expressed both in terms of the forms of the conditional expenditure and indirect utility functions and in terms of the exogenously determined commodity's notional aggregate elasticity of substitution for the other commodities, its notional income elasticity, and...
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作者：Dharmapala, D
作者单位：Australian National University
摘要：This paper analyzes the impact of legislative committee structure on policy outcomes, comparing a 'tax committee' (enacting tax expenditures) and a decentralized system of specialized committees (undertaking direct spending). An endogenous commodity taxation framework is combined with models of legislative bargaining and committee voting. The main conclusion is that the tax committee structure gives rise to lower subsidy levels under a wide range of circumstances. However, it is only under a m...
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作者：Friedberg, L
作者单位：National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
摘要：Researchers have devoted considerable attention to analyzing the impact of Social Security on retirement, with mixed findings. However, the means-tested program Old Age Assistance (OAA) dwarfed Social Security until the 1950s and coincided with the early decline in elderly labor force participation. Also, OAA benefits were determined by the stares - a key source of policy variation. I estimate the relationship between OAA benefits and elderly participation using individual data from the 1940 a...
