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作者：Figlio, David; Ozek, Umut
作者单位：Northwestern University; National Bureau of Economic Research; American Institutes for Research
摘要：In this study, we use microdata from 12 Florida county-level school districts to examine the effects of early grade retention on the short-, medium-, and long-term outcomes of English learners in a regression discontinuity design. We find that retention in the third grade coupled with instructional support substantially improves the English skills of these students, reducing the lime to proficiency by half and decreasing the likelihood of taking a remedial English course in middle school by on...
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作者：Cox, James C.; Kreisman, Daniel; Dynarski, Susan
作者单位：University System of Georgia; Georgia State University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
摘要：Within five years of leaving school, 25% of student loan borrowers default on required minimum payments. These defaults are costly: they add to interest and penalties on loans and lower credit scores, which limits access to future credit and can adversely affect job prospects. We ask why so few student loan borrowers enroll in Income Driven Repayment (IDR) plans, which insure against default caused by low earnings. To do so we run an incentivized laboratory experiment using a facsimile of the ...
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作者：Pattison, Nathaniel
作者单位：Southern Methodist University
摘要：Protections for defaulting debtors are a widely used form of consumption insurance. This paper evaluates the costs and benefits of this insurance, both inside and outside of bankruptcy. First, I show that consumption declines by 6% upon default, revealing a potential role for greater debtor protections to smooth consumption. Second, I use changes in states' laws to estimate the impact of one type of debtor protection, asset exemptions, on repayment in default and interest rates. While higher e...
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作者：Bratu, Cristina; Dahlberg, Matz; Engdahl, Mattias; Nikolka, Till
作者单位：Aalto University; Uppsala University; Uppsala University; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut
摘要：We provide evidence for the existence of spillover effects of national immigration policies by estimating the effect of stricter family reunification rules in Denmark on migration behavior. We reach three main conclusions. Using Danish register data, we first show that stricter rules for reunification led to a clear and significant increase in emigration of Danish citizens with immigrant background. Most of the emigrants left Denmark for Sweden, a neighboring country in which reunification was...
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作者：Jacoby, Hanan G.; Mansuri, Ghazala
作者单位：The World Bank
摘要：Surface irrigation is a common pool resource subject to over-exploitation by upstream users. We ask to what extent state enforcement of de jure water allocations, designed to ensure adequate irrigation to downstream users, is up 'for sale' Unique data on the land ownership of nearly a quarter-million irrigators in Pakistan's vast Indus Basin watershed provide a measure of political influence. Consistent with an influence-driven model, the decline in water availability and land values from head...
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作者：Brevoort, Kenneth; Grodzicki, Daniel; Hackmann, Martin B.
作者单位：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve System Board of Governors; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper quantifies the costs of leaving medical bills unpaid and what these costs imply for the value of health insurance to beneficiaries. We argue that a large fraction of unpaid medical bills is sent to third-party collections and reported to credit bureaus, with detrimental effects on patients' credit outcomes. Combining a large panel of credit records with data on credit offers, we find that the ACA Medicaid expansion reduced newly-reported medical collections by $5.89 billion and led ...
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作者：Pia Basurto, Maria; Dupas, Pascaline; Robinson, Jonathan
作者单位：Universidad del Pacifico Peru; Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
摘要：Lower-income countries spend vast sums on subsidies. Beneficiaries are typically selected via either a proxymeans test (PMT) or through a decentralized identification process led by local leaders. A decentralized allocation may offer informational advantages, but may be prone to elite capture. We study this trade-off in the context of two large-scale subsidy programs in Malawi (for agricultural inputs and food) decentralized to traditional leaders (chiefs) who are asked to target the needy. Us...
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作者：Bond, Eric W.; Gresik, Thomas A.
作者单位：Vanderbilt University; University of Notre Dame
摘要：We study the economic effects of unilateral adoption of corporate tax policies that include the choice between destination-based and source-based taxation and between cash flow and income taxes. We utilize a heterogeneous firm model in which monopolistically competitive North firms choose whether to outsource an intermediate good to an unrelated South firm or to produce in a subsidiary in the South. Standard pass through arguments no longer apply because of the income shifting behavior of mult...
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作者：Mullins, Jamie T.; White, Corey
作者单位：University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Monash University; California State University System; California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：Understanding the sources of heterogeneity in the health effects of environmental exposure is critical for optimal policy design. Differential access to health care is commonly cited as a potential source of such heterogeneity. We test this hypothesis in a causal framework by combining randomyear-to-year fluctuations in local temperatures with variation in access to primary care services resulting from the idiosyncratic roll-out of Community Health Centers (CHCs) across US counties in the 1960...
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作者：Baron, E. Jason; Goldstein, Ezra G.; Wallace, Cullen T.
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; State University System of Florida; Florida State University; University System of Georgia; Georgia College & State University
摘要：To combat the spread of COVID-19, many primary and secondary schools in the United States canceled classes and moved instruction online. This study examines an unexplored consequence of COVID-19 school closures: the broken link between child maltreatment victims and the number one source of reported maltreatment allegations-school personnel. Using current, county-level data from Florida. we estimate a counterfactual distribution of child maltreatment allegations for March and April 2020, the f...
