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作者：Homonoff, Tatiana; Spreen, Thomas Luke; St Clair, Travis
作者单位：New York University; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Using Form 990 data reported by public charities, we document significant bunching of nonprofits at near-zero net assets, the threshold for insolvency. Bunching occurs despite the fact that creditors cannot force insolvent nonprofits into involuntary bankruptcy. We show that the extent of bunching is greater among organizations that rely more heavily on contribution revenue, and that by inflating their net assets, bunching organizations are able to increase their contribution revenue relative ...
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作者：Becker, Johannes; Johannesen, Niels; Riedel, Nadine
作者单位：University of Munster; University of Copenhagen
摘要：This paper provides the first theoretical and empirical analysis of how taxation shapes the joint allocation of risk and profits inside the multinational firm. Theoretically, we identify three mechanisms through which corporate taxes may shape the within-firm allocation of risk: (1) transfer pricing rules requiring risk to be compensated with higher expected returns create incentives to shift risk to low-tax jurisdictions as a means to shift profits; (2) risk-averse owners create incentives to...
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作者：Ouss, Aurelie
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania
摘要：The incarceration rate has increased substantially in the United States between the 1980s and the 2000s. In this paper, I explore an institutional explanation for this growth: the fact that costs of incarceration are not fully internalized. Typically, prison is paid for at the state level, but county employees (such as judges, prosecutors or probation officers) determine time spent in custody. I exploit a natural experiment that shifted the cost burden of juvenile incarceration from state to c...
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作者：Machin, Stephen; McNally, Sandra; Ruiz-Valenzuela, Jenifer
作者单位：University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; University of Surrey; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：In many countries, important thresholds in examinations act as a gateway to higher levels of education and/or improved employment prospects. This paper examines the consequences of just failing a particularly important high stakes national examination taken at the end of compulsory schooling in England. It uses unique administrative data, including full information on both initial and regraded exam marks, to show that students of the same ability have significantly different educational trajec...
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作者：Berlinski, Samuel; Ramos, Alejandra
作者单位：Inter-American Development Bank; Trinity College Dublin
摘要：This paper analyzes the effect on teacher mobility of a program that rewards excellence in teaching practices in Chile. Successful applicants receive a 6% annual wage increase for up to 10 years and an award that publicly recognizes their excellence. The paper uses a regression discontinuity design to identify the causal effect of the public merit award. The program does not alter transitions out of teaching. However, it increases the mobility of awardees within the school system. This is cons...
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作者：Malkova, Olga
作者单位：University of Kentucky
摘要：This study answers the open question of whether workers respond to financial incentives in a command economy. To do this, I evaluate pension reforms in Soviet Russia in 1964 and 1969 that allowed pensioners to receive a greater share of their pensions if they worked, resulting in a progressive elimination of benefit reduction rates. Variation in group eligibility and variation in benefit reduction rates in eastern and western regions allow for the use of several difference-in-differences frame...
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作者：Aucejo, Esteban M.; French, Jacob; Araya, Maria Paola Ugalde; Zafar, Basit
作者单位：Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; National Bureau of Economic Research; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
摘要：In order to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on higher education, we surveyed approximately 1500 students at one of the largest public institutions in the United States using an instrument designed to recover the causal impact of the pandemic on students' current and expected outcomes. Results show large negative effects acrossmany dimensions. Due to COVID-19: 13% of students have delayed graduation, 40% have lost a job, internship, or job offer, and 29% expect to earn less at ag...
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作者：Clifford, Sarah; Mavrokonstantis, Panos
作者单位：University of Oxford; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：We study a tax enforcement policy combining elements of self-and third-party reporting. Taxpayers self-report to the authority but must file documentation issued by a third-party to corroborate claims. Exploiting salary-dependent cutoffs governing documentation requirements when claiming deductions for charitable contributions in Cyprus, we estimate that deductions increase by 0.7 pound when taxpayers can claim 1 pound more without documentation. Second, using a retroactive reform we find that...
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作者：Ganong, Peter; Noel, Pascal; Vavra, Joseph
作者单位：University of Chicago
摘要：We usemicro data on earnings together with the details of each state's unemployment insurance (UI) system to compute the distribution of UI benefits after the uniform$600 Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation (FPUC) supplement implemented by the CARES Act. We find that between April and July 2020, 76% of workers eligible for regular Unemployment Compensation have statutory replacement rates above 100%, meaning that they are eligible for benefits which exceed lost wages. The median statuto...
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作者：Jiang, Junyan; Zhang, Muyang
作者单位：Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shanghai University of Finance & Economics; Shanghai University of Finance & Economics
摘要：Existing research on distributive politics mainly focuses on the influence of electoral competition between political parties, but less is known about non-electoral mechanisms of resource allocation inside a dominant party. This study examines how informal patron-client networks within the ruling Communist Party shape the distribution of intergovernmental transfers in China, a major one-party regime. Using a new dataset on city-level fiscal transfers and a novel method to infer informal politi...
