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作者：Gutjahr, Ruth; Bothe, Maximilian S.; Jonsson, Thorin; Chagnaud, Boris P.
作者单位：University of Graz
摘要：Flexible control of pectoral appendages enables motor behaviors of vastly different strength, speed, and amplitude, as in a human playing the piano or throwing a ball. Such control necessitates a fine- tuned, coordinated activation of motoneurons, which is facilitated by spatially ordered motoneuron pools in mammals. While differently sized neurons are known to contribute to different strengths of pectoral movements, it remains unclear how these pectoral motor pools are organized in less compl...
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作者：Song, Xiaowei; Simonis, Povilas; Deamer, David; Zare, Richard N.
作者单位：Stanford University; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Vilnius University; Center for Physical Sciences & Technology - Lithuania
摘要：The key first step in the oligomerization of monomers is to find an initiator, which is usually done by thermolysis or photolysis. We present a markedly different approach that initiates acid- catalyzed polymerization at the surface of water films or water droplets, which is the reactive phase during a wet-dry cycle in freshwater hot springs associated with subaerial volcanic landmasses. We apply this method to the oligomerization of different nucleic acids, a topic relevant to how it might be...
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作者：Okamoto, Masaaki; Kuratani, Ayumi; Okuzaki, Daisuke; Kamiyama, Naganori; Kobayashi, Takashi; Sasai, Miwa; Yamamoto, Masahiro
作者单位：University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; Oita University; Oita University; University of Osaka
摘要：Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most widely used rodent model for multiple sclerosis. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are individually well known to play beneficial roles in amelioration of EAE. However, little is known about the relationship between IFN-gamma and Tregs during the disease. Here, we show that IFN-gamma polarizes Tregs into T helper 1 (Th1)-type Tregs (Th1- Tregs) to recover from EAE. Single- cell RNA sequencing analysis reveale...
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作者：Pooladvand, Pantea; Kendal, Jeremy R.; Tanaka, Mark M.
作者单位：University of New South Wales Sydney; University of New South Wales Sydney; Durham University
摘要：Cultural practices perceived to be adaptive-from clearing land for food production to medical innovations-can disseminate quickly through human populations. However, these same practices often have unintended maladaptive effects. A particularly consequential effect is the emergence of diseases. In numerous instances, a cultural change followed by the appearance of a new pathogen. Here, we develop mathematical models to analyze the population processes through which cultural evolution precipita...
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作者：Box, Finn; Moulton, Derek E.; Vella, Dominic; Bhagotra, Yuvraj; Lowe, Tristan; Goriely, Alain; Thorogood, Chris J.
作者单位：University of Manchester; University of Manchester; University of Oxford; University of Manchester; University of Oxford; University of Oxford
摘要：Rapid movement is rare in the plant kingdom, but a prerequisite for ballistic dispersal. A particularly dramatic example of rapid motion in plants is the squirting cucumber ( Ecballium elaterium) which launches its seeds explosively via a high-pressure jet. Despite intriguing scientists for centuries, the exact mechanism of seed dispersal and its effect on subsequent generations remain poorly understood. Here, through combination of experimentation, high-speed videography, quantitative image a...
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作者：Angabo, Sarah; Pandi, Karthikeyan; David, Keren; Steinmetz, Orit; Makkawi, Hasnaa; Farhat, Maria; Eli-Berchoer, Luba; Darawshi, Nadeem; Kawasaki, Hiromichi; Nussbaum, Gabriel
作者单位：Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
摘要：Porphyromonasgingivalis is a gram- negative anaerobic bacterium linked to periodontal disease. Remarkably, P. gingivalis thrives in an inflamed environment rich in activated neutrophils. Toll- like receptor 2 (TLR2) recognition is required forP. gingivalis to evade innate immune killing; however, the mechanisms through which P. gingivalis uncouples host inflammation from bactericidal activity are only partially known. Since integrin activation and alternative signaling are implicated in P. gin...
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作者：Caygill, Samuel; Koecher, Thomas; Dolan, Liam
作者单位：Austrian Academy of Sciences; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI); University of Oxford; Vienna Biocenter (VBC)
摘要：Glyphosate is a broad- spectrum herbicide that kills most vascular plant weeds but is ineffective against many bryophytes. Glyphosate competitively inhibits the enolpyruvyl transferase enzyme 5- enolpyruvylshikimate-3- phosphate synthase (EPSPS). EPSPS catalyzes the production of 5- enolpyruvylshikimate-3- phosphate (EPSP)-an intermediate in the shikimate pathway-from shikimate-3- phosphate (S3P) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) substrates. Here, we show that Marchantia polymorpha mutants with lo...
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作者：Serrano, Thomas; Casartelli, Nicoletta; Ghasemi, Foad; Wioland, Hugo; Cuvelier, Frederique; Salles, Audrey; Moya-Nilges, Maryse; Welker, Lisa; Bernacchi, Serena; Ruff, Marc; Jegou, Antoine; Romet-Lemonne, Guillaume; Schwartz, Olivier; Fremont, Stephane; Echard, Arnaud
作者单位：Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
摘要：Many enveloped viruses bud from the plasma membrane that is tightly associated with a dense and thick actin cortex. This actin network represents a significant challenge for membrane deformation and scission, and how it is remodeled during the late steps of the viral cycle is largely unknown. Using superresolution microscopy, we show that HIV- 1 buds in areas of the plasma membrane with low cortical F- actin levels. We find that the cellular oxidoreductase MICAL1 locally depolymerizes actin at...
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作者：Sigismund, Sara; Woelk, Tanja; Puri, Claudia; Maspero, Elena; Tacchetti, Carlo; Transidico, Pietro; Di Fiore, Pier Paolo; Polo, Simona
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作者：Atajanova, Tavus; Kang, Emily Minju; Postnikova, Anna; Price, Alivia Lee; Doerr, Sophia; Du, Michael; Ugenti, Alicia; Ragkousi, Katerina
作者单位：Amherst College
摘要：One of the first organizing processes during animal development is the assembly of embryonic cells into epithelia. Common features unite epithelialization across select bilaterians, however, we know less about the molecular and cellular mechanisms that drive epithelial emergence in early branching nonbilaterians. In sea anemones, epithelia emerge both during embryonic development and after cell aggregation of dissociated tissues. Although adhesion is required to keep cells together, it is not ...
