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作者：Pederson, Gregory T.; Stahle, Daniel; Mcwethy, David B.; Toohey, Matthew; Jungclaus, Johann; Lee, Craig; Martin, Justin; Alt, Mio; Kichas, Nickolas; Chellman, Nathan; Mcconnell, Joseph R.; Whitlock, Cathy
作者单位：United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman; University of Saskatchewan; Max Planck Society; Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); Desert Research Institute NSHE
摘要：Climate-driven changes in high-elevation forest distribution and reductions in snow and ice cover have major implications for ecosystems and global water security. In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem of the Rocky Mountains (United States), recent melting of a high- elevation (3,091 m asl) ice patch exposed a mature stand of whitebark pine (Pious albicaulis) trees, located similar to 180 m in elevation above modern treeline, that date to the develop tree-ring- based temperature estimates for t...
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作者：[Anonymous]
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作者：Butenko, Konstantin; Neudorfer, Clemens; Dembek, Till A.; Hollunder, Barbara; Meyer, Garance M.; Li, Ningfei; Oxenford, Simon; Bahners, Bahne H.; Al-Fatly, Bassam; Lofredi, Roxanne; Gordon, Evan M.; Dosenbach, Nico U. F.; Ganos, Christos; Hallett, Mark; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Starr, Philip A.; Ostrem, Jill L.; Wu, Yiwen; Zhang, Chencheng; Fox, Michael D.; Horn, Andreas
作者单位：Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; University of Cologne; Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin; Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf Hospital; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf Hospital; Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); Emory University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Jiao Tong University
摘要：Deep brain stimulation is an efficacious treatment for dystonia. While the internal pallidum serves as the primary target, recently, stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been investigated. However, optimal targeting within this structure and its surroundings have not been studied in depth. Indeed, historical targets that have been used for surgical treatment of dystonia are directly adjacent to the STN. Further, multiple types of dystonia exist, and outcomes are variable, suggestin...
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作者：Yao, Yao; Pankow, Robert M.; Huang, Wei; Wu, Cui; Gao, Lin; Cho, Yongjoon; Chen, Jianhua; Zhang, Dayong; Sharma, Sakshi; Liu, Xiaoxue; Wang, Yuyang; Peng, Bo; Chung, Sein; Cho, Kilwon; Fabiano, Simone; Ye, Zunzhong; Ping, Jianfeng; Marks, Tobin J.; Facchetti, Antonio
作者单位：Northwestern University; Northwestern University; Zhejiang University; University of Texas System; University of Texas El Paso; Yunnan University; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH); Linkoping University
摘要：Human perception systems are highly refined, relying on an adaptive, plastic, and event- driven network of sensory neurons. Drawing inspiration from Nature, neuromorphic perception systems hold tremendous potential for efficient multisensory signal processing in the physical world; however, the development of an efficient artificial neuron with a widely calibratable spiking range and reduced footprint remains chalcomplementary circuitry enabled by an advanced n- type polymer for balanced p- /n...
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作者：Whetsel, Charles; Levine, Joel S.; Hoffman, Stephen J.; Luckey, Clare M.; Watts, Kevin D.; Antonsen, Erik L.
作者单位：California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Aerospace Corporation - USA; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Johnson Space Center; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
摘要：One of the most surprising and important findings of the first human landings on the Moon was the discovery of a very fine layer of lunar dust covering the entire surface of Moon along with the negative impacts of this dust on the well- being and operational effectiveness of the astronauts, their equipment, and instrumentation. The United States is now planning for human missions to Mars, a planet where dust can also be expected to be ubiquitous for many or most landing sites. For these missio...
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作者：Ancaten-Gonzalez, Carlos; Meza, Rodrigo C.; Gonzalez -Sanabria, Naileth; Segura, Ignacio; Alcano, Alejandro; Pena-Pichicoi, Antonio; Latorre, Ramon; Chiu, Chiayu Q.; Chavez, Andres E.
作者单位：Universidad de Valparaiso; Universidad de Valparaiso
摘要：BK channels can control neuronal function, but their functional relevance in activity- dependent changes of synaptic function remains elusive. Here, we report that repetitive low- frequency stimulation activates BK channels through 12(S)HPETE, an arachidonic acid metabolite, produced downstream of postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) to trigger long- term depression (LTD) at CA3-CA1 synapses in hippocampal slices from P7-P10 mice. Activation of BK channels is subunit specific...
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作者：Chen, Shuqiang; He, Mingjian; Brown, Ritchie E.; Eden, Uri T.; Prerau, Michael J.
作者单位：Boston University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); VA Boston Healthcare System; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Boston University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
摘要：Sleep spindles are cortical electrical oscillations considered critical for memory consolidation and sleep stability. The timing and pattern of sleep spindles are likely to be important in driving synaptic plasticity during sleep as well as preventing disruption of sleep by sensory and internal stimuli. However, the relative importance of factors such as sleep depth, cortical up/down-state, and temporal clustering in governing sleep spindle dynamics remains poorly understood. Here, we analyze ...
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作者：Herd, Christopher D. K.; Bosak, Tanja; Hausrath, Elisabeth M.; Hickman-Lewis, Keyron; Mayhew, Lisa E.; Shuster, David L.; Simon, Justin I.; Siljestrom, Sandra; Weiss, Benjamin P.; Wadhwa, Meenakshi; Zorzano, Maria - Paz; Maki, Justin N.; Farley, Kenneth A.; Stack, Kathryn M.
作者单位：University of Alberta; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Las Vegas; University of London; Birkbeck University London; University of Bologna; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; RISE Research Institutes of Sweden; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Johnson Space Center; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Astrobiologia (INTA); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology
摘要：The NASA Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mission has collected samples of rock, regolith, and atmosphere within the Noachian-aged Jezero Crater, once the site of a delta- lake system with a high potential for habitability and biosignature preservation. Between sols 109 and 1,088 of the mission, 27 sample tubes have been sealed, including witness tubes. Each sealed sample tube has been collected along with detailed documentation provided by the Perseverance instrument payload, preserving geologica...
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作者：Jenewein, Christian; Maiz-Sicilia, Aurora; Rull, Fernando; Gonzalez-Souto, Lorena; Garcia-Ruiz, Juan Manuel
作者单位：Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (IACT); Universidad de Valladolid; Universidad de Cadiz
摘要：Revealing the origin of life and unambiguously detecting fossil remains of the earliest organisms are closely related aspects of the same scientific research. The synthesis of prebiotic molecular building blocks of life and the first compartmentalization into protocells have been considered two events apart in time, space, or both. We conducted lightning experiments in borosilicate reactors filled with a mixture of gases mimicking plausible geochemical conditions of early Earth. In addition to...
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作者：Smith, William P. J.; Armstrong -Bond, Ewan; Coyte, Katharine Z.; Knight, Christopher G.; Basler, Marek; Brockhurst, Michael A.
作者单位：University of Manchester; University of Manchester; University of Basel
摘要：The bacterial type 6 secretion system (T6SS) is a toxin- injecting nanoweapon that mediates competition in plant- and animal- associated microbial communities. Bacteria can evolve de novo resistance against T6SS attacks, but resistance is far from universal in natural communities, suggesting key features of T6SS weaponry may act to limit its evolution. Here, we combine ecoevolutionary modeling and experimental evolution to examine how toxin type and multiplicity in Acinetobacter baylyi attacke...
