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作者：Beaudet, Amelie; Wood, Bernard
作者单位：Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Poitiers; University of Cambridge; University of Witwatersrand
摘要：Ralph Holloway pioneered and developed the field of hominin paleoneurology. Although Holloway's undergraduate degrees were in metallurgical engineering and geology, at graduate school his interests switched to the brain. Holloway and his graduate students explored many aspects of the macro- and microstructure of the brain of extant primates but he focused on the recent evolutionary history of the human brain. The infant skull of the first African early hominin discovered at Taungs by Raymond D...
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作者：Kumar, Roshan; Sykes, Delawrence J.; Band, Victor I.; Schaller, Megan L.; Patel, Romel; Vitvitsky, Victor; Sajjakulnukit, Peter; Singhal, Rashi; Wong, Harrison K. A.; Hourigan, Suchitra K.; Ichinose, Fumito; Lyssiotis, Costas A.; Shah, Yatrik M.; Banerjee, Ruma
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
摘要：The host-microbiome interface is rich in metabolite exchanges and exquisitely sensitive to diet. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is present at high concentrations at this interface and is a product of both microbial and host metabolism. The mitochondrial enzyme, sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR), couples H2S detoxification to oxidative phosphorylation; its inherited deficiency presents as Leigh disease. Since an estimated two-thirds of systemic H2S metabolism originates in the gut, it raises questi...
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作者：Barajaa, Mohammed A.; Otsuka, Takayoshi; Laurencin, Cato T.
作者单位：Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University; University of Connecticut; University of Connecticut; University of Connecticut; University of Connecticut; University of Connecticut
摘要：The utility of a pure population of highly regenerative satellite stem cells (SSCs) is a prerequisite for successful cell-based muscle therapies. Previous works have reported several methods for the SSC isolation. However, the majority of cells isolated using previous methods are fibroblasts and other nonmyogenic cell types, necessitating further expensive and time-consuming purification steps often affecting the regenerative quality of the isolated SSCs. Here, we describe a simple, time-effec...
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作者：Bielawski, Jakub; Chotibut, Thiparat; Falniowski, Fryderyk; Misiurewicz, Michal; Piliouras, Georgios
作者单位：Cracow University of Economics; Chulalongkorn University; Indiana University System; Indiana University Indianapolis; Alphabet Inc.; Google Incorporated; DeepMind
摘要：Inspired by the challenges at the intersection of Evolutionary Game Theory and Machine Learning, we investigate a class of discrete-time multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) dynamics in population/nonatomic congestion games, where agents have diverse beliefs and learn at different rates. These congestion games, a well-studied class of potential games, are characterized by individual agents having negligible effects on system performance, strongly aligned incentives, and well-understood adv...
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作者：Bohning, Jan; Graham, Miles; Coureuil, Mathieu; Tarafder, Abul K.; Meyer, Julie; Nassif, Xavier; Bille, Emmanuelle; Bharat, Tanmay A. M.
作者单位：MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC); Universite Paris Cite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB)
摘要：Neisseria meningitidis is a human commensal bacterium that can opportunistically invade the bloodstream and cross the blood-brain barrier, where it can cause septicemia and meningitis. These diseases, if left untreated, can be lethal within hours. Hyperinvasive N. meningitidis strains often express a genomically encoded filamentous bacteriophage called MDA Phi, which promotes colonization of mucosal host surfaces to facilitate bacterial invasion. How this phage is organized and how it promotes...
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作者：Liu, Mengdi; Buntaine, Mark T.; Anderson, Sarah E.; Zhang, Bing
作者单位：University of International Business & Economics; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Nanjing University of Finance & Economics; Nanjing University
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作者：Moussallam, Yves; Rose-Koga, Estelle F.; Aubaud, Cyril; Georgeais, Guillaume; Cartigny, Pierre; Koga, Kenneth T.; Devidal, Jean-Luc; Michael, Peter J.; Shimizu, Kei; Saal, Alberto E.
作者单位：Columbia University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM); Universite de Orleans; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Clermont Auvergne (UCA); University of Tulsa; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Brown University
摘要：Unraveling the origin(s) of carbon on Earth has remained challenging, not only because of the multiple isotopic fractionation episodes that may have occurred during planet formation processes but also because the end point of these processes, the current isotopic value of Earth's deep carbon reservoirs remains poorly constrained. Here, we present carbon isotopic measurements on rare undegassed mid-ocean ridge basalts from the Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic Oceans that have preserved the isotopi...
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作者：Melnikoff, David E.; Kurdi, Benedek
作者单位：Stanford University; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
摘要：Computational theories of reinforcement learning suggest that two families of algorithm-model-based and model-free-tightly map onto the classic distinction between automatic and deliberate systems of control: Deliberate evaluative responses are thought to reflect model-based algorithms, which are accurate but computationally expensive, whereas automatic evaluative responses are thought to reflect model-free algorithms, which are error-prone but computationally cheap. This framework has animate...
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作者：Goergen, Jonas; de Bellis, Emanuel; Klesse, Anne - Kathrin
作者单位：University of St Gallen; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC
摘要：AI is increasingly replacing human decision-makers across domains. AI-based tools have become particularly common in assessment decisions, such as when recruiting employees or admitting students. Calls for transparency and new legislation require organizations to disclose the use of AI assessment tools, thus making people under assessment aware of its use. We investigate whether this shift from human to AI assessment affects people's behavior during the assessment. We propose that people empha...
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作者：Mitra, Kaushik; Malesky, Lauren A.; Thorpe, Michael T.; Stevanovic, Ana
作者单位：University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio
摘要：Pure siderite [FeIICO3] was recently discovered in abundant quantities (4.8 to 10.5 wt.%) by the Curiosity rover at Gale crater, Mars. Diagenetic alteration of siderite likely caused the carbonate-sequestered CO2 to be released back into the atmosphere and consequently produced ferric [Fe(III)] oxyhydr(oxide) minerals. Here, using laboratory experimentation, we demonstrate that while closed system acid diagenesis-as proposed for Gale crater-is incapable of effective siderite alteration in Mars...
