-
作者：Jacoby, Hanan G.; Mansuri, Ghazala
作者单位：The World Bank
摘要：Surface irrigation is a common pool resource subject to over-exploitation by upstream users. We ask to what extent state enforcement of de jure water allocations, designed to ensure adequate irrigation to downstream users, is up 'for sale' Unique data on the land ownership of nearly a quarter-million irrigators in Pakistan's vast Indus Basin watershed provide a measure of political influence. Consistent with an influence-driven model, the decline in water availability and land values from head...
-
作者：Brevoort, Kenneth; Grodzicki, Daniel; Hackmann, Martin B.
作者单位：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve System Board of Governors; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper quantifies the costs of leaving medical bills unpaid and what these costs imply for the value of health insurance to beneficiaries. We argue that a large fraction of unpaid medical bills is sent to third-party collections and reported to credit bureaus, with detrimental effects on patients' credit outcomes. Combining a large panel of credit records with data on credit offers, we find that the ACA Medicaid expansion reduced newly-reported medical collections by $5.89 billion and led ...
-
作者：Pia Basurto, Maria; Dupas, Pascaline; Robinson, Jonathan
作者单位：Universidad del Pacifico Peru; Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
摘要：Lower-income countries spend vast sums on subsidies. Beneficiaries are typically selected via either a proxymeans test (PMT) or through a decentralized identification process led by local leaders. A decentralized allocation may offer informational advantages, but may be prone to elite capture. We study this trade-off in the context of two large-scale subsidy programs in Malawi (for agricultural inputs and food) decentralized to traditional leaders (chiefs) who are asked to target the needy. Us...
-
作者：Bond, Eric W.; Gresik, Thomas A.
作者单位：Vanderbilt University; University of Notre Dame
摘要：We study the economic effects of unilateral adoption of corporate tax policies that include the choice between destination-based and source-based taxation and between cash flow and income taxes. We utilize a heterogeneous firm model in which monopolistically competitive North firms choose whether to outsource an intermediate good to an unrelated South firm or to produce in a subsidiary in the South. Standard pass through arguments no longer apply because of the income shifting behavior of mult...
-
作者：Mullins, Jamie T.; White, Corey
作者单位：University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Monash University; California State University System; California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：Understanding the sources of heterogeneity in the health effects of environmental exposure is critical for optimal policy design. Differential access to health care is commonly cited as a potential source of such heterogeneity. We test this hypothesis in a causal framework by combining randomyear-to-year fluctuations in local temperatures with variation in access to primary care services resulting from the idiosyncratic roll-out of Community Health Centers (CHCs) across US counties in the 1960...
-
作者：Baron, E. Jason; Goldstein, Ezra G.; Wallace, Cullen T.
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; State University System of Florida; Florida State University; University System of Georgia; Georgia College & State University
摘要：To combat the spread of COVID-19, many primary and secondary schools in the United States canceled classes and moved instruction online. This study examines an unexplored consequence of COVID-19 school closures: the broken link between child maltreatment victims and the number one source of reported maltreatment allegations-school personnel. Using current, county-level data from Florida. we estimate a counterfactual distribution of child maltreatment allegations for March and April 2020, the f...
-
作者：Forsythe, Eliza; Kahn, Lisa B.; Lange, Fabian; Wiczer, David
作者单位：University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital; University of Rochester; National Bureau of Economic Research; McGill University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
摘要：We use job vacancy data collected in real time by Burning Glass Technologies, as well as unemployment insurance (UI) initial claims and the more traditional Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) employment data to study the impact of COVID-19 on the labor market. Our job vacancy data allow us to track the economy at disaggregated geography and by detailed occupation and industry. We find that job vacancies collapsed in the second half of March. By late April, they had fallen by over 40%. To a first...
-
作者：Frakes, Michael D.; Wasserman, Melissa F.
作者单位：Duke University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
摘要：Pointing to a limited set of statistics suggesting that examiners turn in much of their work product at the end of quota periods, the Commerce Department has recently raised concerns over examiner procrastination and its consequences for examination quality. End-loading of review completions alone, however, is not diapositive evidence of procrastination. In this paper, we confirm that examiners complete a substantial percentage of reviews at the end of both bi-weekly and quarterly quotas and t...
-
作者：Kuhn, Andreas; Staubli, Stefan; Wuellrich, Jean-Philippe; Zweimuller, Josef
作者单位：IZA Institute Labor Economics; University of Calgary; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Zurich; Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR)
摘要：We estimate the causal effect of a permanent and premature exit from the labor force on mortality. To overcome the problem of negative health selection into retirement, we exploit a policy change in Austria's unemployment insurance system that allows older eligible workers to exit the labor force 3 years earlier relative to comparable non-eligible workers. Using administrative data with precise information on mortality and retirement, we find that the policy change induces eligible men (women)...
-
作者：Braga, Breno; Blavin, Fredric; Gangopadhyaya, Anuj
作者单位：Urban Institute; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a central component of the US. safety net, benefiting about 25 million families. Using variation in the federal and state EITC, this paper evaluates the long-term impact of EITC exposure during childhood on the health of young adults. We find that an additional $100, or a 3% increase, in the average annual EITC exposure between birth and age 18 increases the likelihood of reporting very good or excellent health by 2.6% and decreases the likelihood of bein...
