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作者：HOLTZEAKIN, D; SELDEN, TM
作者单位：National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We examine the relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide emissions, a greenhouse gas central to global warming predictions. Estimates derived from global panel data suggest a diminishing marginal propensity to emit (MPE) carbon dioxide as GDP per capita rises. Despite this, global carbon dioxide emissions growth will continue at 1.8 percent per annum for the foreseeable future, a result that is not sensitive to average output growth. Instead, emissions growth continues becau...
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作者：JONES, A; ODONNELL, O
作者单位：University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
摘要：The impact of disability on household welfare is estimated by equivalence scales using data from the 1986-87 FES Disability Survey. Three methods of identifying scales from cross-section data are considered; these imply a series of restrictions that are tested on quadratic logarithmic Engel curves. The results indicate that there are substantial consumption costs associated with physical disability.
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作者：DIAMOND, P; SHESHINSKI, E
作者单位：Hebrew University of Jerusalem
摘要：This paper analyzes optimal disability and retirement (or welfare) benefits with imperfect disability evaluation (with some able workers judged disabled and some disabled workers judged able). Thus the levels of both disability and retirement benefits affect labor supply. With anyone not working eligible for retirement benefits, we analyze the optimal structure of benefits for a given disability screening mechanism and briefly consider the problem of optimal evaluations of disability evidence....
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作者：LEVIN, L
摘要：This paper examines whether or not the elderly have precautionary motives for savings against uncertain and potentially large medical costs. I analyze the relationship between purchases of (actuarially unfair) health insurance and the individual's ability to self-insure. In order to create a complete model of this behavior the government programs of Medicare and Medicaid are also incorporated into the analysis. The major results from this paper are that individuals do tend to behave in a manne...
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作者：RAVALLION, M; VANDEWALLE, D; GAUTAM, M
摘要：Standard benefit-incidence analysis does not distinguish policy impacts on persistent poverty from transient poverty. We offer an alternative approach, based on actual and simulated joint distributions of consumption over time, which allows us to distinguish the extent of 'protection' against poverty from 'promotion' out of poverty. The approach is illustrated by an analysis of the distributional impact of changes in cash benefits introduced to compensate for other policy reforms in Hungary. C...
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作者：CREMER, H; GAHVARI, F
作者单位：University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University
摘要：This paper re-examines the theory of optimal commodity taxation in the presence of a linear income tax, under wage uncertainty. There are two categories of goods: the consumption levels in one group are committed to before the resolution of uncertainty and those of the other after. The paper (i) characterizes the structure of the optimal commodity taxes in view of the insurance they provide against random wage movements, (ii) proves that optimal taxation requires a mix of differential commodit...
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作者：BARNETT, PG; KEELER, TE; HU, TW
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：A model of oligopoly price behavior and tax incidence for the U.S. cigarette industry for the period 1955-1990 is presented. A cost function is estimated, and shows manufacture to be subject to increasing returns to scale. The mean price elasticity of demand is -0.71. The model indicates that competition among manufacturers has been decreasing since 1980. A simulation shows that an increase in the federal excise tax causes a greater increase in price, and a greater decrease in consumption, tha...
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作者：FRIEDMAN, D; WITTMAN, D
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
摘要：In recent elections, voters supported initiatives to limit the number of terms that their representatives may serve, yet at the same time, overwhelmingly re-elected their incumbents. We provide a theoretical explanation for this and other puzzles associated with voting on term limitations. The pattern of voting on term limits can be explained by the desire to redistribute power from one party to another, from one branch of government to another, and from districts with long-term incumbents to ...
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作者：KHANNA, J; POSNETT, J; SANDLER, T
作者单位：University of York - UK; Colgate University
摘要：This paper presents a set of panel data estimates for 159 of the most prominent UK charities for the period 1983-1990. In evaluating alternative specifications, we settle on a fixed-effects estimation. Social welfare charities are shown to fund raise short of the point at which net revenues are maximized, whereas health and overseas charities are found to net revenue maximize. Religious charities maximize total revenues. Estimates of price and fund-raising elasticities are presented for charit...
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作者：LAFFONT, JJ
作者单位：Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse 1 Capitole
摘要：A large class or major environmental risks are subject to severe moral hazard problems. The purpose of this paper is to study the potential conflicts between cost minimization and safety care. The intuition is that regulatory efforts or sheer competition inducing a greater focus on cost minimization may tilt the agents' trade-off towards taking too much risk. Here we study the problem in the context of regulation of a natural monopoly and see how high powered incentives may conflict with safet...
