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作者：Gollier, C
作者单位：Universite de Toulouse; Institut Universitaire de France
摘要：The objective of this paper is to determine the socially optimal discount rate for public investment projects that entail costs and benefits in the very long run. We suppose that there is an exogenous process for the growth of consumption per capita, which is stochastic. We first evaluate the determinants of the discount rate for a specific horizon when the representative agent has a recursive utility. We then explore the influence of the time horizon in the expected utility model. Under vario...
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作者：Alderman, H
作者单位：The World Bank
摘要：Albania provides a small amount of social assistance to nearly 20% of its population through a system which allows a degree of community discretion in determining distribution. This study indicates that relative to other safety net programs in low-income countries, social assistance in Albania is fairly well targeted to the poor. Moreover, the poverty targeting exceeds that which could be expected on the basis of proxy indicators of targeting alone; communes appear to be using local informatio...
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作者：Breyer, F; Kolmar, M
作者单位：University of Konstanz; University of Bonn
摘要：In this paper we analyze the effects of labor-market integration on national, unfunded public-pension systems that are organized according to a 'place of residence' principle. With this principle, labor might migrate for purely fiscal reasons. Thus, some kind of coordination becomes necessary. We first show that for the case of unrestricted labor mobility the equalization of contributions is necessary and sufficient for efficiency if the pension systems remain decentralized. However, national ...
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作者：Glaeser, EL; Shleifer, A
作者单位：Harvard University
摘要：Entrepreneurs who start new firms may choose not-for-profit status as a means of committing to soft incentives. Such incentives protect donors, volunteers, consumers and employees from ex post expropriation of profits by the entrepreneur. We derive conditions under which completely self-interested entrepreneurs opt for not-for-profit status, despite the fact that this status limits their ability to enjoy the profits of their enterprises. We also show that even in the absence of tax advantages,...
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作者：Lee, K
作者单位：University System of Maryland; Towson University
摘要：This paper examines the effect of an increase in the tax rates on tax evasion in a model where taxpayers self-insure against possible penalties. The analysis shows that the effect depends on the marginal productivity of self-insurance. If the marginal productivity is not too small, an increase in the tax rates leads to greater tax evasion and less tax compliance. This result stands in contrast with the theoretical result in the literature but accords well with empirical findings. (C) 2001 Else...
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作者：Brandts, J; Schram, A
作者单位：Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Institut d'Analisi Economica (IAE); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; University of Amsterdam
摘要：We introduce a new design for experiments with the voluntary contributions mechanism for public goods. Subjects report a complete contribution function in each period, i.e. a contribution level for various marginal rates of transformation between a public and a private good. The results show that subjects' behavior cannot be explained exclusively as the result of errors. Individuals exhibit essentially one of two types of behavior. One group of subjects behaves in a way consistent with some ki...
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作者：Cremer, H; Pestieau, P
作者单位：Universite de Toulouse; Universite de Toulouse; Institut Universitaire de France; University of Liege
摘要：This paper studies the design of the tax and regulatory regime applied to bequests. Bequests are observable, while parent's wealth and children's earning abilities are not. Parents know their children's earning abilities. Parents are altruistic; their utility depends on their children's utilities, but weights may differ between children. The optimal tax schedule strikes a balance between the (often) conflicting 'incentive' and 'corrective' effects. When parents attach identical weights to thei...
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作者：Glewwe, P; Jacoby, HG; King, EM
作者单位：The World Bank; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
摘要：Many policymakers propose early childhood nutrition programs as a way to increase students' academic achievement. This paper investigates the nutrition-learning nexus using a unique longitudinal data set that follows a large sample of Filipino children from birth until the end of their primary education. We find that better nourished children perform significantly better in school, partly because they enter school earlier and thus have more time to learn but mostly because of greater learning ...
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作者：Slemrod, J; Blumenthal, M; Christian, C
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of St Thomas Minnesota; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
摘要：In 1995 a group of 1724 randomly selected Minnesota taxpayers was informed by letter that the returns they were about to file would be 'closely examined'. Compared to a control group that did not receive this letter, low and middle-income taxpayers in the treatment group on average increased tax payments compared to the previous year, which we interpret as indicating the presence of noncompliance. The effect was much stronger for those with more opportunity to evade; in fact, the difference in...
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作者：Itaya, J; Shimomura, K
作者单位：Hokkaido University; Kobe University
摘要：The purpose of this paper is to provide a reasonable microfoundation to justify the concept of a conjectural variations equilibrium which is often used in the literature on private provision of public goods with the help of the differential game. By interpreting the steady state conjectures in a dynamic contribution game as the conjectural variations in the corresponding static game, we derive explicit forms of Nash or non-zero conjectural variations, depending on the choice of the strategy sp...
