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作者：Li, Zihao; Liu, Shaoyu
作者单位：Yale University; Columbia University
摘要：This paper studies gender difference in innovation recognition using patent citations. We propose a method to quantify undercitation based on pairwise textual similarity of patents. Both male and female inventors exhibit homophily, underciting patents by inventors of the opposite gender, and this tendency is stronger among female inventors than male inventors. However, female inventors' patents are 12% less likely to be cited overall because female inventors are outnumbered by male inventors (...
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作者：Jordan, Andrew; Karger, Ezra; Neal, Derek
作者单位：Washington University (WUSTL); Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Chicago; University of Chicago; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We examine 70,581 felony court cases filed in Chicago, Illinois, from 1990 to 2007. We exploit case randomization to assess the impact of judge assignment and sentencing decisions on the arrival of new charges. We estimate separate treatment and outcome equations for first and repeat offenders. In marginal cases, incarceration creates large and lasting reductions in recidivism among first offenders. Yet among marginal repeat offenders, incarceration creates no lasting reductions in the inciden...
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作者：Mohnen, Paul
作者单位：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Atlanta
摘要：Exploiting cross-commuting zone differences in age composition among the old, this paper estimates the impact of retirements on youth labor market outcomes over the period 1980-2017. In commuting zones where fewer workers retire because of the initial age structure, there is no evidence of significant effects on youth employment, but the share of younger workers in high-skill jobs declines, while the share of younger workers in low-skill jobs rises. Fewer retirements also leads to declining yo...
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作者：Gendron-Carrier, Nicolas
作者单位：McGill University
摘要：Using Canadian administrative data, I study the careers of young entrepreneurs and the heterogeneity among them. I investigate both the mechanisms that drive entry into entrepreneurship and the determinants of entrepreneurial success. Empirically, entrepreneurs who have previously worked in high-wage firms tend to do better. I explain this finding using a dynamic model of career choice that features heterogeneous employers, human capital accumulation, and unobserved heterogeneity across indivi...
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作者：Kelley, Erin; Lane, Gregory; Pecenco, Matthew; Rubin, Edward
作者单位：University of Chicago; National Bureau of Economic Research; Brown University; University of Oregon
摘要：Many workers are evaluated on their ability to engage with customers. We measure the impact of gender-based customer discrimination on the productivity of online sales agents in sub-Saharan Africa. Using a novel framework that randomly varies the gender of names presented to customers without changing worker behavior, we find that the assignment of a female-sounding name leads to 50% fewer purchases. Customers also lag in responding, are less expressive, and avoid discussing purchases. We show...
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作者：Bolte, Lukas; Immorlica, Nicole; Jackson, Matthew O.
作者单位：Tilburg University; Yale University; Microsoft; Stanford University; The Santa Fe Institute
摘要：We study the consequences of job markets' heavy reliance on referrals. Referrals lead to more opportunities for workers to be hired, which lead to better matches and increased productivity but also disadvantage job seekers with few or no connections to employed workers, increasing inequality. Coupled with homophily, referrals also lead to immobility. We identify conditions under which distributing referrals more evenly reduces inequality and improves future productivity and mobility. We use th...
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作者：Feng, Shuaizhang; Kim, Jun Hyung; Yang, Zhe
作者单位：University of Jinan; Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST); Liaoning University
摘要：Do peers in childhood influence the development of noncognitive skills? Despite a large literature on peer effects, this question remains largely unanswered. In this paper, we use Big Five Inventory measures of personality traits linked to the administrative records of children randomly assigned to primary school classrooms. We find that children exposed to left-behind classmates whose parents have temporarily migrated away for work become less conscientious, agreeable, and emotionally stable....
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作者：Ishimaru, Shoya
作者单位：Hitotsubashi University
摘要：This paper investigates the mechanisms underlying the causal link between childhood location and adulthood economic outcomes. I develop and estimate a dynamic model of individual choice of whether and where to attend college and where to work, accounting for home preferences, spatial search frictions, and moving costs. The estimated model suggests that spatial gaps in college and labor market opportunities, which stem from imperfect mobility in adulthood, play a more important role than variat...
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作者：Blundell, Richard; Bollinger, Christopher R.; Hokayem, Charles; Ziliak, James P.
作者单位：University of London; University College London; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; University of Kentucky
摘要：We present new estimates of earnings volatility over time and the life cycle for men and women by race and human capital, using Social Security earnings linked to the Current Population Survey. From the late 1970s to the mid-1990s, there is a strong negative trend in earnings volatility driven by a decline in transitory variance. From the mid-1990s, there is relative stability in trends of male earnings volatility due to an increase in the variance of permanent shocks. Cohort analyses indicate...
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作者：Kuhn, Peter; Osaki, Trevor; Yue, Lei
作者单位：National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
摘要：We use a vignette-based survey experiment to elicit respondents' assessments of the fairness of race-based hiring decisions and compare these assessments with the predictions of four preregistered ethical frameworks. While conservative respondents are much more accepting of discriminatory actions than others, respondents of all political leanings rate the relative fairness of different actions in a very similar way. A two-group framework in which one group (mostly self-described conservatives)...
