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作者：Keane, Michael P.; Ziliak, James P.
作者单位：Johns Hopkins University; University of Kentucky
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作者：Diez-Rituerto, Marina; Gardeazabal, Javier; Iriberri, Nagore; Rey-Biel, Pedro
作者单位：University of Basque Country; Universitat Ramon Llull; Escuela Superior de Administracion y Direccion de Empresas (ESADE)
摘要：Competitive selection processes can cause labor market inefficiencies when selection performance disparities do not reflect later job performance differences. Analyzing data from Spain's national medical entry exam over four decades, we observe gender differences in exam performance, leading to significant gender gaps in securing positions (ranging from -7% to +9%). These gaps align with the competitiveness of the selection process: higher competitiveness results in women's underperformance co...
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作者：Heinesen, Eskil; Hvid, Christian; Kirkeboen, Lars; Leuven, Edwin; Mogstad, Magne
作者单位：Statistics Norway; University of Oslo; Statistics Norway; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Chicago
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作者：Karademir, Sencer; Laliberte, Jean-William; Staubli, Stefan
作者单位：University of Calgary
摘要：This paper examines the multigenerational impact of children and whether the public provision of formal childcare lessens the earnings and employment impacts of children. We find that the arrival of a firstborn reduces employment and earnings of mothers and employment of grandmothers. Studying a universal childcare program in Quebec, we find that formal childcare increases the employment rates of mothers as well as that of grandmothers to a lesser extent. Examining heterogeneity of the program...
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作者：Kleiner, Morris M.; Xu, Ming
作者单位：University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Queens University - Canada
摘要：We show that occupational licensing has significant negative effects on labor market fluidity, defined as cross-occupation mobility, and positive effects on wage growth. We find that occupational licensing represents a barrier to entry for both nonemployed workers and employed ones. The effect is more prominent for employed workers than those entering from nonemployment. We also find that average wage growth is higher for licensed workers than nonlicensed workers. We find significant heterogen...
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作者：Amior, Michael
作者单位：Hebrew University of Jerusalem
摘要：The United States faces persistent spatial disparities in joblessness, which should theoretically be eliminated by population reallocation. Can immigration accelerate this adjustment process? I estimate that new immigrants account for 40% of local population adjustment since 1960. This vastly exceeds their share of gross migratory flows (just 10%). I attribute their excess response to the pull of migrant enclaves, which are disproportionately located in high-employment areas (a consequence of ...
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作者：Ziff, Anna L.; Wiemers, Emily; Hotz, V. Joseph
作者单位：Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Syracuse University; University of Chicago; National Bureau of Economic Research; Duke University; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：We examine the relationship between income volatility and life expectancy in mid-sized US commuting zones between 2006 and 2014. We use a commercial dataset, InfoUSA, to measure income volatility, which we link to estimates of life expectancy by gender, county, race, and income. We find that higher income volatility in a county is associated with lower life expectancy but only at the bottom of the income distribution and primarily for non-Hispanic Whites. Though we cannot extrapolate our findi...
