American Economic Journal: Economic Policy

最新文章

• Multinationals' Sales and Profit Shifting in Tax Havens AI翻译
  作者：Laffitte, Sebastien; Toubal, Farid
  作者单位：Universite Paris Saclay; Universite PSL; Universite Paris-Dauphine; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Laboratoire dEconomie de Dauphine LEDa; Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR)
  摘要：We show that US multinationals record sales and the profits from these sales in tax havens while their goods and services are physically sold in other countries. We propose a framework illustrating the strategy of sales shifting. Our results reveal the importance of tax havens, which attract a disproportionate fraction of worldwide sales. Our quantifi-cation shows a large contribution of sales shifting to multinationals' profit shifting, which amounted to $80 billion in 2013. Our findings sugg...
• The Long-Run Effects of Sports Club Vouchers for Primary School Children AI翻译
  作者：Marcus, Jan; Siedler, Thomas; Ziebarth, Nicolas R.
  作者单位：IZA Institute Labor Economics; Free University of Berlin; University of Hamburg; Leibniz Association; DIW Berlin - Deutsches Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung; University of Potsdam; IZA Institute Labor Economics; Cornell University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Leibniz Association; Zentrum fur Europaische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW)
  摘要：Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the twenty-first century. While small-scale experiments change behaviors among adults in the short run, we know little about the effectiveness of large-scale policies or the longer-run impacts. To nudge primary school children into a long-term habit of exercising, the German state of Saxony distributed sports club membership vouchers among all 33,000 third graders in 2009. In 2018, we carried out a register-based survey t...
• Semesters or Quarters? The Effect of the Academic Calendar on Postsecondary Student Outcomes AI翻译
  作者：Bostwick, Valerie; Fischer, Stefanie; Lang, Matthew
  作者单位：Kansas State University; Monash University; University of California System; University of California Riverside
  摘要：There exists a long-standing debate in higher education on which academic calendar is optimal. Using panel data on the near universe of four-year nonprofit institutions and leveraging quasi-experimental variation in calendars across institutions and years, we show that switching from quarters to semesters negatively impacts on-time graduation rates. Event study analyses show that the negative effects persist beyond the transition. Using transcript data, we replicate this analysis at the studen...
• Issuance and Incidence: SNAP Benefit Cycles and Grocery Prices AI翻译
  作者：Goldin, Jacob; Homonoff, Tatiana; Meckel, Katherine
  作者单位：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; New York University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut
  摘要：Many safety net programs issue benefits as monthly lump-sum payments. We investigate how the timing of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefit issuance affects food purchases and the incidence of the transfer. Using scanner data from a large sample of grocery stores and state and time variation in SNAP issuance schedules, we document large, SNAP-induced intramonth cycles in food expenditures. However, we find that retailers do not adjust prices based on these predictable patte...
• Does Hospital Crowding Matter? Evidence from Trauma and Orthopedics in England† AI翻译
  作者：HOE, T. H. O. M. A. S. P.
  作者单位：Cornell University; Cornell University
  摘要：This paper estimates the impact of hospital crowding on medical treatment decisions and patient health outcomes. Exploiting pseudorandom variation in emergency admissions, I find that a readmission rate by 4.1 percent. Nonparametric and heterogeneity analyses suggest that ???quicker and sicker??? discharges contribute to the additional readmissions. The crowding impacts are larger in hospital departments with fewer beds, sicker patients, and stronger
• Removing Welfare Traps: Employment Responses in the Finnish Basic Income Experiment AI翻译
  作者：Verho, Jouko; Hamalainen, Kari; Kanninen, Ohto
  作者单位：VATT Institute for Economic Research
  摘要：This paper provides evidence that replacing minimum unemployment benefits with a basic income of equal size has minor employment effects at best. We examine an experiment in Finland in which 2,000 benefit recipients were randomized to receive a monthly basic income. The experiment lowered participation tax rates by 23 percentage points for full-time employment. Despite the considerable increase in work incentives, days in employment remained statistically unchanged in the first year of the exp...
• The Long-Term Effects of Measles Vaccination on Earnings and Employment AI翻译
  作者：Atwood, Alicia
  作者单位：Vassar College
  摘要：The measles vaccine was introduced in 1963. Take-up of the vaccine in the United States occurred quickly and universally, leading to reductions in morbidity and mortality. New biological evidence on how the measles virus interacts with our immune system indicates the impact of the measles vaccine may be underestimated. Using a difference-in-difference identification strategy, 1 find evidence the measles vaccine increased earnings and employment. Long-term follow-up of adults finds an increase ...
• Do Two Electricity Pricing Wrongs Make a Right? Cost Recovery, Externalities, and Efficiencyt AI翻译
  作者：Borenstein, Severin; Bushnell, James B.
  作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Davis
  摘要：Economists favor pricing pollution in part so that consumers face the full social marginal cost (SMC) of goods and services. But even absent externalities, retail electricity prices typically exceed private marginal cost, due to a utility's need to cover average costs. Furthermore, the SMC of electricity can fluctuate widely hour-to-hour, while retail prices do not. We show that residential electricity rates exceed average SMC in most of the US, but there is large geographic and temporal varia...
• Gini and Optimal Income Taxation by Rank AI翻译
  作者：Simula, Laurent; Trannoy, Alain
  作者单位：Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
  摘要：We solve the nonlinear income tax program for rank-dependent social welfare functions, expressing the trade-off between size and inequality using the Gini and related families of positional indices. Absent bunching, ranks in the actual and optimal allocations are invariant. Exploiting this feature, we provide new, simple, and intuitive tax formulas for both the quasilinear and additive cases and new comparative static results. Our approach makes insights from optimal taxation more widely acces...
• Enhancing the Efficacy of Teacher Incentives through Framing: A Field Experiments AI翻译
  作者：Fryer, Roland G.; Levitt, Steven D.; List, John; Sadoff, Sally
  作者单位：Harvard University; University of Chicago; University of California System; University of California San Diego
  摘要：In a field experiment, we provide financial incentives to teachers framed either as gains, received at the end of the year, or as losses, in which teachers receive up-front bonuses that must be paid back if their students do not improve sufficiently. Pooling two waves of the experiment, loss-framed incentives improve math achievement by an estimated 0.124 standard deviations (Sigma), with large effects in the first wave and no effects in the second wave. Effects for gain-framed incentives are ...