Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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• Singularity formation in 3D Euler equations with smooth initial data and boundary AI翻译
  作者：Chen, Jiajie; Hou, Thomas Y.
  作者单位：New York University; California Institute of Technology
  摘要：A long-standing fundamental open problem in mathematical fluid dynamics and nonlinear partial differential equations is to determine whether solutions of the 3D incompressible Euler equations can develop a finite-time singularity from smooth, finite-energy initial data. Leonhard Euler introduced these equations in 1757 [L. Euler, Memoires de lA'cademie des Sci. de Berlin 11, 274-315 (1757).], and they are closely linked to the Navier-Stokes equations and turbulence. While the general singulari...
• Beyond additive genetic effects: Explaining family resemblance in school performance across millions of pairs of Norwegian relatives AI翻译
  作者：Eftedal, Nikolai Haahjem; Eilertsen, Espen Moen; Sunde, Hans Fredrik; Kleppestoc, Thomas Haarklau; Ystrom, Eivind; Czajkowski, Nikolai Olavi
  作者单位：University of Oslo; Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH); Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU); Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH)
  摘要：We investigate the hypothesis that family resemblance on school performance can be fully explained by additive genetic effects and assortative mating. Our sample consists of all schoolchildren who took Norwegian national standardized tests between 2007 and 2019 (N = 936,708). These tests measure aptitude in math and reading comprehension, and are taken the years children turn 10, 13, and 14 y old. We identify millions of pairs of relatives within our sample (82 different kinds, in total), incl...
• Longitudinal sequencing reveals polygenic and epistatic nature of genomic response to selection AI翻译
  作者：Forsberg, Simon K. G.; Melo, Diogo; Wolf, Scott W.; Grenier, Jennifer K.; Tang, Minjia; Henry, Lucas P.; Pallares, Luisa F.; Clark, Andrew G.; Ayroles, Julien F.
  作者单位：Princeton University; Princeton University; Cornell University; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Max Planck Society
  摘要：Evolutionary adaptation to new environments likely results from a combination of selective sweeps and polygenic shifts, depending on the genetic architecture of traits under selection. While selective sweeps have been widely studied, polygenic responses are thought to be more prevalent but remain challenging to quantify. The infinitesimal model makes explicit the hypothesis about the dynamics of changes in allele frequencies under selection, where only allelic effect sizes, frequencies, linkag...
• Cryo- EM structures of GnRHR: Foundations for next- generation therapeutics AI翻译
  作者：Shen, Shiyi; He, Xinheng; Liu, Heng; Hu, Wen; Xu, H. Eric; Duan, Jia
  作者单位：Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS; ShanghaiTech University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS
  摘要：Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) is critical for reproductive health and a key therapeutic target for endocrine disorders and hormone-responsive cancers. Using high-resolution cryoelectron microscopy, we determined the structures of Sus scrofa and Xenopus laevis GnRHRs bound to mammal GnRH, uncovering conserved and species-specific mechanisms of receptor activation and G protein coupling. The conserved U- shaped GnRH conformation mediates high-affinity binding through key intera...
• Global health and climate benefits from walking and cycling infrastructure AI翻译
  作者：Ball, Adam Millard -; Reginald, Monisha; Yusuf, Yasmina; Bian, Christopher
  作者单位：University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Alphabet Inc.; Google Incorporated
  摘要：We use a globally consistent dataset-Google Environmental Insights Explorer-to quantify how urban form and transport infrastructure affect walking and cycling rates in 11,587 cities from 121 countries across six continents. At the city level, population density has the largest effect on walk mode share and has a positive impact on cycling too, as higher densities bring destinations within feasible walk and cycle distances. Density has the strongest effects in wealthier countries where traveler...
• Representation of locomotive action affordances in human behavior, brains, and deep neural networks AI翻译
  作者：Bartnik, Clemens G.; Sartzetaki, Christina; Sanchez, Abel Puigseslloses; Molenkamp, Elijah; Bommer, Steven; Vuksic, Nikolina; Groen, Iris I. A.
  作者单位：University of Amsterdam; University of Amsterdam
  摘要：To decide how to move around the world, we must determine which locomotive actions (e.g., walking, swimming, or climbing) are afforded by the immediate visual environment. The neural basis of our ability to recognize locomotive affordances is unknown. Here, we compare human behavioral annotations, functional MRI (fMRI) measurements, and deep neural network (DNN) activations to both indoor and outdoor real-world images to demonstrate that the human visual cortex represents locomotive action aff...
• Abundant piRNA production mediated by the Drosophila GTSF1 homolog Tpp ensures Aubergine localization and germ plasm assembly AI翻译
  作者：Kina, Hirono; Izumi, Natsuko; Hanyu-Nakamura, Kazuko; Yoshitani, Takashi; Yamane, Mariko; Niwa, Hitoshi; Tomari, Yukihide; Nakamura, Akira
  作者单位：Kumamoto University; Kumamoto University; University of Tokyo; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto University; RIKEN; Institute of Science Tokyo; University of Tokyo
  摘要：Germ cells transmit genetic information to offspring and maintain the genome of the species. In many animals including Drosophila, germ cell formation relies on maternal determinants in the germ plasm. Several proteins present in the germ plasm of oocytes also localize to the perinuclear nuage in nurse cells, where they contribute to the production of PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). These piRNAs guide the silencing of transposons, thereby protecting the germline genome from invading mobile ele...
• Synthetic models of the nitrogenase FeMo cofactor AI翻译
  作者：Xu, Yun-Yu; Jiang, Xue-Lian; Chai, Jia-Lu; Qiu, Shu-Juan; He, Juan; Xu, Gan; Wei, Jia; Yu, Qiu-Xiang; Zhang, Hong-Ying; Li, Yue; Zhang, Xiao-Wen; Cao, Guo-Liang; Li, Yong; Cui, Yun-Shu; Xu, Cong-Qiao; Li, Jun; Chen, Xu-Dong
  作者单位：Nanjing Normal University; Southern University of Science & Technology; Southern University of Science & Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ganjiang Innovation Academy, CAS; Tsinghua University; Tsinghua University; Nanjing University
  摘要：The FeMo cofactor (FeMoco), the key active site in the Mo- based nitrogenase, is one of the most complicated metalloenzyme molecules. Synthesis of the FeMoco model cluster ([MoFe7S9C]) is essential to understanding its function in dinitrogen binding, activation, and conversion. However, the complex framework of the FeMoco cluster, which features a unique trigonal prismatic [Fe6C] moiety comprising a mu 6- bridging carbide, has made the synthesis of the cluster a persistent challenge. In this w...
• Transcranial direct current stimulation neuromodulates intracranial cognitive evoked activity in humans AI翻译
  作者：Tabikh, Mireille; Quetu, Tom; Maillard, Louis; Coulbois, Sophie Colnat -; Rossion, Bruno; Koessler, Laurent
  作者单位：Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute for Engineering & Systems Sciences (INSIS); Universite de Lorraine; Universite de Lorraine; CHU de Nancy; CHU de Nancy; Universite de Lorraine
  摘要：Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an easy to use, noninvasive brain stimulation technique that gained prominence for its potential in cognitive rehabilitation. Electroencephalography (EEG), which records electrical brain activity with a high temporal resolution, is well suited to quantify tDCS- induced neuromodulation in humans. However, most studies relying on scalp EEG recordings or event- related potentials showed low reliability and only indirect correlations. Here, we comb...
• Molecular basis for ligand recognition and receptor activation of the prostaglandin D2 receptor DP1 AI翻译
  作者：Xu, Jiuyin; Wu, Yanli; Xu, Youwei; Li, Yang; He, Xinheng; Zhang, Heng; Wang, James Jiqi; Hou, Jingjing; Li, Junrui; Hu, Wen; Wu, Kai; Yuan, Qingning; Wu, Canrong; Xu, H. Eric
  作者单位：Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS; ShanghaiTech University; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Fudan University; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS
  摘要：The prostaglandin D2 receptor 1 (DP1), a rhodopsin-like Class A GPCR, orchestrates critical physiological and pathological processes, ranging from sleep regulation to inflammatory responses and cardiovascular function. Despite its therapeutic significance, structural insights into DP1 activation mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, using cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM), we determined high-resolution structures of human DP1 in both inactive and active states, with the latter captured in co...