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作者：RAVALLION, M; VANDEWALLE, D; GAUTAM, M
摘要：Standard benefit-incidence analysis does not distinguish policy impacts on persistent poverty from transient poverty. We offer an alternative approach, based on actual and simulated joint distributions of consumption over time, which allows us to distinguish the extent of 'protection' against poverty from 'promotion' out of poverty. The approach is illustrated by an analysis of the distributional impact of changes in cash benefits introduced to compensate for other policy reforms in Hungary. C...
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作者：CREMER, H; GAHVARI, F
作者单位：University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University
摘要：This paper re-examines the theory of optimal commodity taxation in the presence of a linear income tax, under wage uncertainty. There are two categories of goods: the consumption levels in one group are committed to before the resolution of uncertainty and those of the other after. The paper (i) characterizes the structure of the optimal commodity taxes in view of the insurance they provide against random wage movements, (ii) proves that optimal taxation requires a mix of differential commodit...
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作者：BARNETT, PG; KEELER, TE; HU, TW
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：A model of oligopoly price behavior and tax incidence for the U.S. cigarette industry for the period 1955-1990 is presented. A cost function is estimated, and shows manufacture to be subject to increasing returns to scale. The mean price elasticity of demand is -0.71. The model indicates that competition among manufacturers has been decreasing since 1980. A simulation shows that an increase in the federal excise tax causes a greater increase in price, and a greater decrease in consumption, tha...
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作者：FRIEDMAN, D; WITTMAN, D
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
摘要：In recent elections, voters supported initiatives to limit the number of terms that their representatives may serve, yet at the same time, overwhelmingly re-elected their incumbents. We provide a theoretical explanation for this and other puzzles associated with voting on term limitations. The pattern of voting on term limits can be explained by the desire to redistribute power from one party to another, from one branch of government to another, and from districts with long-term incumbents to ...
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作者：KHANNA, J; POSNETT, J; SANDLER, T
作者单位：University of York - UK; Colgate University
摘要：This paper presents a set of panel data estimates for 159 of the most prominent UK charities for the period 1983-1990. In evaluating alternative specifications, we settle on a fixed-effects estimation. Social welfare charities are shown to fund raise short of the point at which net revenues are maximized, whereas health and overseas charities are found to net revenue maximize. Religious charities maximize total revenues. Estimates of price and fund-raising elasticities are presented for charit...
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作者：LAFFONT, JJ
作者单位：Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse 1 Capitole
摘要：A large class or major environmental risks are subject to severe moral hazard problems. The purpose of this paper is to study the potential conflicts between cost minimization and safety care. The intuition is that regulatory efforts or sheer competition inducing a greater focus on cost minimization may tilt the agents' trade-off towards taking too much risk. Here we study the problem in the context of regulation of a natural monopoly and see how high powered incentives may conflict with safet...
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作者：BOND, SR; DEVEREUX, MP
作者单位：Keele University; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：This paper extends the results of Boadway and Bruce (Journal of Public Economics, 1984, 24, 231-239) and Fane (Journal of Public Economics, 1987, 33, 95-105) to describe a tax on business profits which is neutral with respect to investment and wind-up decisions, and default outcomes, under uncertainty and bankruptcy risk. The tax base allows deductions for depreciation and the cost of finance, but requires knowledge of neither true economic depreciation nor the firm's required rate of return. ...
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作者：HASSETT, KA; METCALF, GE
作者单位：Tufts University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Federal Reserve System - USA
摘要：Using panel data on individual tax returns and variation in state tax policy, we measure the impact of government tax policies to encourage residential conservation investment on the probability of making these investments. Unlike previous work, we account for unobserved heterogeneity in tastes for energy-saving activities and its possible correlation with tax policy at the state level. We find that controlling for unobserved heterogeneity is very important. Based on our preferred point estima...
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作者：BOS, D; PETERS, W
摘要：The management of a single-product monopoly sets the number of employees and the number of production teams which are to be established. However, it is well known that employees shirk in teams. Moreover, there is yet another inefficiency which is caused through the management's adjustment to its uncertain environment. The management will not choose the internal organization of the firm which minimizes costs, because this would reduce the expected revenue (or surplus if it manages a public firm...
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作者：MARKUSEN, JR; MOREY, ER; OLEWILER, N
作者单位：National Bureau of Economic Research; Simon Fraser University
摘要：A two-region model is presented in which an imperfectly competitive firm produces a good with increasing returns at the plant level. Production of the good causes local pollution. The firm decides whether to maintain plants in both regions, serve both regions from a single plant or shut down. If the disutility of pollution is high enough, the two regions will compete by increasing their environmental taxes (standards) until the polluting firm is driven from the market. Alternatively, if the di...
