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作者：Byrne, MM; Thompson, P
作者单位：Baylor College of Medicine; University of Houston System; University of Houston
摘要：We construct a stochastic model of illness, death and treatment choice to analyze two proposals - legally-binding advance directives and insurer-paid compensation schemes - to reduce the incidence of aggressive and possibly futile end-of-life treatment. We assess whether, in a competitive insurance market, the proposals are consistent with (i) individual rationality in selection of competitive insurance contracts; (ii) medically ethical treatment provision, and (iii) reductions in end-of-life ...
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作者：Ravallion, M; Lokshin, M
作者单位：The World Bank
摘要：Support for governmental redistribution tended to be greater for the poor than the rich in a representative sample of Russian adults in 1996. However, support for redistribution is higher amongst those who expect their welfare to fall, and this effect is strongest amongst the currently well-off. A rising trajectory inhibits demand for redistribution. Support is also stronger in rural areas, amongst those with less schooling, those who fear losing their job, the elderly, and amongst women. Our ...
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作者：Johnson, S; Kaufmann, D; McMillan, J; Woodruff, C
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); The World Bank; Stanford University; University of California System; University of California San Diego
摘要：Our survey of private manufacturing firms finds the size of hidden 'unofficial' activity to be much larger in Russia and Ukraine than in Poland, Slovakia and Romania. A comparison of cross-country averages shows that managers in Russia and Ukraine face higher effective tax rates, worse bureaucratic corruption, greater incidence of mafia protection, and have less faith in the court system. Our firm-level regressions for the three Eastern European countries find that bureaucratic corruption is s...
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作者：Gollier, C; Jullien, B; Treich, N
作者单位：Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse 1 Capitole; INRAE; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse 1 Capitole; Universite de Montreal
摘要：We consider the problem of the optimal use of a good whose consumption can produce damages in the future. Scientific progress is made over time that provides information on the distribution of the intensity of damages. We show that this progress induces earlier prevention effort only if prudence is larger than twice absolute risk aversion. This paper thus identifies the class of quite restrictive but plausible conditions such that scientific uncertainties justify an immediate reduction of the ...
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作者：Currie, J; Yelowitz, A
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：One goal of federal housing policy is to improve the prospects of children in poor families. This paper examines the effect of public housing participation on housing quality and educational attainment. Using the SIPP, we show that living in projects is associated with more negative outcomes for children, although this appears to be due to unobserved heterogeneity. We control for the endogeneity of project participation using TSIV techniques which combine information on project participation f...
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作者：de Meza, D; Webb, D
作者单位：University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; University of Exeter
摘要：By combining hidden types and hidden action, this paper shows that the existence of credit rationing need not imply that lending exceeds the full-information level. In this plausible class of models, the appropriate policy is not to subsidise or tax lending but to make alternatives to entrepreneurship more attractive. Doing so may actually increase the number of those borrowing to set up their own business and yield a strict Pareto improvement. The results extend to equilibria characterised by...
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作者：Bös, D
作者单位：University of Bonn
摘要：Compared with the traditional public-finance approach of a monolithic fully informed planner, earmarking of taxation is less likely to be optimal if a principal-agent setting is considered. where taxing and spending by performed by two separate agents which are monitored by the parliament. We assume that the parliament either maximizes welfare or expected votes. Vote maximizers are more inclined to choose earmarking, but at the price of inefficiently high costs. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. ...
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作者：Agell, J; Persson, M
作者单位：Uppsala University; Stockholm University
摘要：We examine how tax avoidance in the form of trade in well-functioning asset markets affects the basic labor supply model. We show that models that integrate tax arbitrage and labor supply decisions may shed light on a number of positive and normative questions concerning modern systems of income taxation. Such models also appear to have striking implications for empirical research. Studies that ignore tax avoidance may easily come up with biased estimates of the tax responsiveness of the labor...
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作者：Anderson, PM; Meyer, BD
作者单位：Northwestern University; Dartmouth College; Northwestern University
摘要：Following a 13-year period when all employers in Washington paid the same unemployment insurance (UI) tax rate, Washington was forced to adopt an experience-rated tax system in 1985. We use this natural experiment to explore both tax incidence and the effects of experience rating. We find that industry average tax rates are largely passed on to workers through lower earnings. However, our estimates imply that a firm can shift much less of the difference between its tax rate and the industry av...
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作者：Fuest, C; Huber, B
作者单位：University of Munich
摘要：The governments of nearly all industrialised countries use subsidies to support the economic development of specific sectors or regions with high rates of unemployment. Conventional economic wisdom would suggest that the most efficient way to support these regions or sectors is to pay employment subsidies. We present evidence showing that capital subsidies are empirically much more important than employment subsidies. We then develop a simple model with unemployment to explain this phenomenon....
