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作者：Kesternich, Iris; Schumacher, Heiner; Winter, Joachim
作者单位：KU Leuven; University of Munich
摘要：Physicians' treatment decisions determine the level of health care spending to a large extent. The analysis of physician agency describes how doctors trade off their own and their patients' benefits, with a third party (such as the collective of insured individuals or the taxpayers) bearing the costs. Professional norms are viewed as restraining physicians' self-interest and as introducing altruism towards the patient. We present a controlled experiment that analyzes the impact of professional...
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作者：Mollerstrom, Johanna; Reme, Bjorn-Atle; Sorensen, Erik O.
作者单位：George Mason University; Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN); Norwegian School of Economics (NHH)
摘要：We conduct laboratory experiments where third-party spectators have the opportunity to redistribute resources between two agents, thereby eliminating inequality and offsetting the consequences of controllable and uncontrollable luck. Some spectators go to the limits and equalize either all or no inequalities, but many follow an interior allocation rule. These interior allocators regard an agent's choices as more important than the cause of her low income and do not always compensate bad uncont...
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作者：Bond, Stephen; Xing, Jing
作者单位：University of Oxford; University of Oxford; Shanghai Jiao Tong University
摘要：We present new empirical evidence that sector-level capital-output ratios are strongly influenced by corporate tax incentives, as summarised by the tax component of a standard user cost of capital measure. We use sectoral panel data for the USA, Japan, Australia and eleven EU countries over the period 1982-2007. Our panel combines internationally consistent data on capital stocks, value-added and relative prices from the EU KLEMS database with corporate tax measures from the Oxford University ...
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作者：Balafoutas, Loukas; Beck, Adrian; Kerschbamer, Rudolf; Sutter, Matthias
作者单位：University of Innsbruck; University of Innsbruck; University of Cologne
摘要：We experimentally examine the impact of tax evasion attempts on the performance of credence goods markets, where contractual incompleteness results from asymmetric information on the welfare maximizing quality of the goods. Our results suggest that tax evasion attempts - independently of whether they are successful or not - lead to efficiency losses in the form of too low quality and less frequent trade. Thus, shadow economies may reduce welfare not only by inducing agents to incur costs to hi...
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作者：Holland, Stephen P.; Yates, Andrew J.
作者单位：University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Greensboro; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
摘要：We demonstrate a novel method for improving the efficiency of pollution permit markets by optimizing the exchange of emissions through trade. Under full-information, it is optimal for emissions to exchange according to the ratio of marginal damages. Under asymmetric information, we derive necessary conditions for the marginal damage trading ratios to be optimal, illustrate that the marginal damage trading ratios are generally not optimal, and show how to improve efficiency using optimal tradin...
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作者：Costello, Christopher; Querou, Nicolas; Tomini, Agnes
作者单位：National Bureau of Economic Research; Universite de Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute for Humanities & Social Sciences (INSHS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Aix-Marseille Universite
摘要：We examine the efficiency, distributional, and environmental consequences of assigning spatial property rights to part of a spatially-connected natural resource while the remainder is competed for by an open access fringe. We refer to this as partial enclosure of the commons. We obtain sharp analytical results regarding partial enclosure of the commons including: (1) While second best, it typically improves welfare relative to no property rights, (2) all resource users can be made better off, ...
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作者：Vegh, Carlos A.; Vuletin, Guillermo
作者单位：Johns Hopkins University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Brookings Institution
摘要：We provide a novel explanation for the flypaper effect based on insurance arguments. In our model, the flypaper effect arises due to the differential response of precautionary savings to private income or fiscal transfers shocks in an uncertain world with incomplete markets. The model generates two testable implications: (i) the flypaper effect is a decreasing function of the correlation between fiscal transfers and private income, and (ii) such relationship is stronger the higher is the volat...
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作者：Swee, Eik Leong
作者单位：University of Melbourne
摘要：The partitioning of political jurisdictions is becoming an increasingly common component of agreements to end ethnic conflict, although its impact on post-conflict recovery remains unclear. This paper studies the effects of the partition which ended the 1992-1995 Bosnian War on the post-war provision of public schooling. I find that partitioned municipalities provide 58% more primary schools and 37% more teachers (per capita). Driven mainly by convergent preferences for ethnically oriented sch...
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作者：Duflo, Esther; Dupas, Pascaline; Kremer, Michael
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; Stanford University; Harvard University; National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA
摘要：Some education policymakers focus on bringing down pupil-teacher ratios. Others argue that resources will have limited impact without systematic reforms to education governance, teacher incentives, and pedagogy. We examine a program under which school committees at randomly selected Kenyan schools were funded to hire an additional teacher on an annual contract renewable conditional on performance, outside normal Ministry of Education civil-service channels, at one-quarter normal compensation l...
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作者：Hanna, Rema; Oliva, Paulina
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; IZA Institute Labor Economics; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
摘要：Moderate effects of pollution on health may exert important influences on work. We exploit exogenous variation in pollution due to the closure of a large refinery in Mexico City to understand how pollution impacts labor supply. The closure led to a 19.7% decline in pollution, as measured by SO2, in the surrounding neighborhoods. The closure led to a 13 h (or 3.5%) increase in work hours per week. The effects do not appear to be driven by differential labor demand shocks nor selective migration...
