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作者：Moeeni, Safoura; Tanaka, Atsuko
作者单位：University of Regina; University of Calgary
摘要：This paper estimates the effects of reduced labor market opportunities on women's college education outcomes. To do so, we exploit discontinuity generated by a 2010 policy in Iran limiting female hiring in the public sector, which greatly worsened employment opportunities for college-educated women. We find that the reform immediately reduced women's college attendance by 11.4% points while it slightly increased men's college attendance. We also find that it decreased women's enrollment in col...
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作者：Cao, Guangyu; Liu, Chenran; Zhou, Li-An
作者单位：Peking University; Tsinghua University; Peking University
摘要：There is a long-standing debate in the literature about the effectiveness of strengthening judicial independence in developing countries with weak rule of law. This paper exploits a recent Chinese judicial reform in administrative litigation, which changed the jurisdiction rule from intra-regional to transregional, to estimate the effects of improved judicial independence on protecting private entities against potential abuses of public authority. We find a significant increase in the probabil...
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作者：Friedson, Andrew; Li, Moyan; Meckel, Katherine; Rees, Daniel I.; Sacks, Daniel W.
作者单位：University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Children's Hospital Colorado; University of Colorado Denver; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
摘要：Medical experts have argued forcefully that using cigarettes harms health, prompting the adoption of myriad anti-smoking policies. The association between smoking and mortality may, however, be influ-enced by unobserved factors, making it difficult to discern the underlying long-term causal relationship. In this study, we explore the effects of cigarette taxes experienced as a teenager, which are arguably exogenous, on adult smoking participation and mortality. A one-dollar increase in cigaret...
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作者：Khanna, Gaurav; Mukherjee, Priya
作者单位：University of California System; University of California San Diego
摘要：We know little about the electoral effects of policies with broad appeal that are implemented by popular leaders, but which have adverse economics effects. We analyze voter behavior following one such policy implemented in the world's largest democracy - India's 2016 'Demonetization,' which unexpectedly made 86% of the currency-in-circulation redundant overnight, and led to severe cash shortages and economic hardship in subsequent months. Yet, the policy appealed to a majority of voters, and w...
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作者：Padilla-Romo, Maria; Peluffo, Cecilia
作者单位：University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; State University System of Florida; University of Florida
摘要：We document that local violence generates spillover effects beyond areas where violence takes place, via out-migration from violence-affected areas and peer exposure to violence. In the context of the Mexican war on drugs, we use violence-induced student migration as an exogenous source of variation in peer exposure to violence to estimate its effects on the academic performance of non-moving students in areas not directly affected by violence. Our results show that municipalities that face mo...
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作者：Gruber, Jonathan; Lin, Mengyun; Yi, Junjian
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; Xiamen University; Xiamen University; Peking University
摘要：The New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS), rolled out in China from 2003-2008, provided insurance to 800 million rural Chinese. We combine aggregate mortality data with individual survey data, and identify the impact of the NCMS from program rollout and heterogeneity across areas in their rural share. We find that there was a significant decline in aggregate mortality, with the program saving more than one million lives per year at its peak, and explaining 78% of the entire increase in life ex...
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作者：Kim, Ji Hwan; Lee, Jungmin; Lee, Kyungho
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; Seoul National University (SNU); Yale University
摘要：Raising the minimum wage may have unintended negative consequences for workers. In South Korea, employers are required to contribute towards their employees' social insurance, with the amount proportional to earnings. However, workers employed for less than 60 h per month are exempt from this contribution requirement. Using administrative payroll records from 2011 to 2019, we find that raising the minimum wage results in a higher share of the exempt workers. Our results remain robust when focu...
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作者：Agrawal, David R.; Zhao, Weihua
作者单位：University of Kentucky
摘要：Ride-hailing applications create new challenges for governments providing transit services, but also create new opportunities to raise tax revenue. To shed light on the effect of taxing or subsidizing ride-hailing services, we extend a pseudo-monocentric city model to include multiple endogenously chosen transportation modes, including ride-hailing applications and endogenous car ownership. We show that most tax and spending programs that cities have currently adopted mildly increase public tr...
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作者：Slattery, Cailin; Tazhitdinova, Alisa; Robinson, Sarah
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：To what extent is U.S. state tax policy affected by corporate political contributions? The 2010 Supreme Court Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ruling provides an exogenous shock to corporate campaign spending, allowing corporations to spend on elections in 23 states which previously had spending bans. Ten years after the ruling and for a wide range of outcomes, we are not able to identify statistically significant effects of corporate independent expenditures on state tax policy,...
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作者：Shapiro, Alan Finkelstein; Metcalf, Gilbert E.
作者单位：Tufts University
摘要：We analyze the labor market and aggregate effects of a carbon tax in a framework with pollution externalities and equilibrium unemployment. Our model incorporates labor force participation and two margins of adjustment influenced by carbon taxes: (1) firm creation and (2) green production-technology adoption. A carbon-tax policy that reduces carbon emissions by 35 percent-broadly consistent with Biden Administration's new Paris Agreement commitment-can generate mild positive long-run effects o...
