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作者：Campedelli, Gian Maria; Daniele, Gianmarco; Martinangeli, Andrea F. M.; Pinotti, Paolo
作者单位：Fondazione Bruno Kessler; University of Trento; University of Milan; Bocconi University; Universite Bourgogne Europe; Burgundy School of Business; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK
摘要：Citizens' support is crucial to effectively combat organized crime, a substantial threat to many countries. Contrary to prior studies identifying a negative correlation between crime and trust in the state, studying a representative sample of 5374 individuals in Italy we find that exposing the participants to journalistic images of organized crime-related violence increases trust towards institutions and state performance (measured by donations to a governmental as opposed to a non-governmenta...
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作者：Papp, Anna; Almond, Douglas; Zhang, Shuang
作者单位：Columbia University; Columbia University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Imperial College London
摘要：Environmental externalities from cryptomining may be large, but have not been linked causally to mining incentives. We exploit daily variation in Bitcoin price as a natural experiment for an 86 megawatt waste coal-fired power plant with on-site cryptomining. We find that carbon emissions respond swiftly to mining incentives, with price elasticities of 0.69-0.71 in the short-run and 0.33-0.40 in the longer run. A $1 increase in Bitcoin price leads to $3.11-$6.79 in external damages from carbon ...
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作者：Coulombel, Nicolas; Monchambert, Guillaume
作者单位：Universite Gustave-Eiffel; Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole des Ponts ParisTech; Universite Lyon 2
摘要：Subsidization of urban public transportation systems is often motivated by economies of scale and second-best considerations such as an underpriced road alternative. We model a public transit line sub-ject to frictions between users (in-vehicle crowding), users and vehicles (boarding and alighting delays), and vehicles (congestion). We derive the profit-and welfare-maximizing provisions of supply. We show that if demand exceeds a first threshold, the system enters a congested regime and servic...
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作者：Rogger, Daniel; Somani, Ravi
作者单位：The World Bank
摘要：What determines the quality of a nation's infrastructure? We show that electoral incentives at the time of construction have persistent effects on the functionality of contemporary African water systems. We apply a common event-study approach to the universe of water points in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Tanzania built over the period from 1970-2014. Across all three settings, we find that infrastructure installed in the run-up to an election is significantly more likely to be functioning today...
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作者：Rubolino, Enrico
作者单位：University of Lausanne
摘要：In contexts with weak enforcement, the threat of tax evasion may constrain policy makers' power to set tax policies optimally. This paper studies whether stricter tax enforcement affects the tax schedule set by local governments. I take advantage of an Italian policy that generated cross-municipality variation in the scope for tackling income and property tax evasion through stricter tax enforcement. Combining an event-study design with municipality-level panel data on statutory tax rates, I s...
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作者：Leung, Justin H.; Seo, Hee Kwon
作者单位：National University of Singapore; The World Bank
摘要：We study the effect of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) on retail prices nationwide. State-level program adjustments motivate our identification strategy. A 1% increase in benefits per population raises grocery prices by a persistent 0.08%. A calibrated partial-equilibrium model implies a marginal benefit dollar raises a recipient's consumer surplus from groceries by $0.7, producer surplus by $0.5, and lowers each non-SNAP consumer's surplus by $0.05, because of a large mar...
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作者：Drazen, Allan; Ilzetzki, Ethan
作者单位：University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; National Bureau of Economic Research; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：There are two common views of pork barrel spending. One is that pork barrel spending benefits special interests at the expense of social welfare, hence antithetical to responsible policy making, especially in times of crisis. An alternative is that pork greases the legislative wheelsmaking possible the enactment of socially beneficial legislation that would otherwise not pass. In this paper we reexamine both arguments and show that they depend on the nature of heterogeneity of interests and in...
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作者：Dodini, Samuel
作者单位：Norwegian School of Economics (NHH)
摘要：This paper measures how labor regulations affect the structure of earnings and employment in other occupations in the context of occupational licensing. Using a state boundary discontinuity design, I estimate the market spillovers of licensing on other occupations with similar skills, which I classify using hierarchical clustering techniques on skills data from O*NET. I find evidence of negative earnings and employment spillovers, with the largest earnings effects concentrated among women, bla...
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作者：Conesa, Juan Carlos; Li, Bo; Li, Qian
作者单位：State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Peking University; University of Southampton
摘要：We provide a quantitative evaluation of the impact of Universal Basic Income (UBI) as an alternative to the existing system of means-tested transfers. We explore varying levels of UBI generosity, paired with different strategies to finance it. All the reforms we consider result in welfare losses for a huge majority of initial households. Moreover, these losses are increasing in UBI generosity. A reform financed with con-sumption taxes implies lower efficiency losses than reforms financed with ...
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作者：Chen, Shuo; Fan, Xinyu; Xu, L. Colin; Yan, Xun
作者单位：Fudan University; The World Bank
摘要：This paper examines how a million Manchus, as a dominant minority, partly relied on a cross-ethnic per-sonnel strategy to rule over 100 million Han Chinese for 267 years. Under this strategy, Han elites were appointed to handle daily administrative issues, on top of whom Manchu superiors were assigned for oversight. We find that more frequent local extreme weather - a proxy for governance complexity - led to higher likelihood of such cross-ethnic arrangements. This link is stronger in regions ...
