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作者：Cassidy, Alecia; Meeks, Robyn C.; Moore, Michael R.
作者单位：University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa; Duke University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
摘要：The Great Lakes and their tributaries make up the largest freshwater system on the planet, providing drinking water and recreational value to millions of people. Yet manufacturing plants left a legacy of toxic pollutants in the region, tarnishing it as part of the Rust Belt.In 1987, the Area of Concern (AOC) Program designated 30 areas in the region as having hazardous water quality. Almost 1.23 billion federal dollars have been spent since 2004 on grants to clean up the areas. Our paper provi...
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作者：Laajaj, Rachid; Eslava, Marcela; Kinda, Tidiane
作者单位：Universidad de los Andes (Colombia)
摘要：We assess the effects of the computerization of import transactions in Colombia on import volume, port efficiency and the performance of manufacturing firms. Staggered implementation allows us to identify the causal effects of the reform. We find that computerization triggered a significant increase in reported imports in reformed ports compared to nonreformed ones, along with a sizeable increase in tax collection. Our results indicate that a combination of factors underpin the increase in dec...
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作者：Duggan, Mark; Dushi, Irena; Jeong, Sookyo; Li, Gina
作者单位：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：The delayed retirement credit (DRC) increases monthly OASI (Old Age and Survivors Insurance) retired worker benefits for primary beneficiaries who claim after their full retirement age (FRA). For many years, the DRC was set at 3.0 percent per year (0.25 percent monthly). The 1983 amendments to Social Security more than doubled this actuarial adjustment to 8.0 percent per year, with the changes phased in gradu-ally over time. In this paper, we use administrative data from the Social Security Ad...
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作者：Alpert, Abby; Lakdawalla, Darius; Sood, Neeraj
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; University of Southern California
摘要：This paper examines how direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) for prescription drugs influences uti-lization by exploiting a large and plausibly exogenous shock to DTCA driven by the introduction of Medicare Part D. Part D led to larger increases in advertising in geographic areas with higher concentra-tions of Medicare beneficiaries. We examine the impact of this differential increase in advertising on non -elderly individuals to isolate advertising effects from the direct effects of Part D. ...
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作者：Barbosa, Klenio; Ferreira, Fernando
作者单位：SKEMA Business School; Universite Cote d'Azur; University of Pennsylvania; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This work investigates causes and consequences of patronage in Brazilian cities since the country's redemocratization. It uses five election cycles and compares the hiring of winning and losing party members in close elections to causally estimate patronage. Cities increase their shares of civil servants affiliated with winning political coalitions by 3 percentage points during a mayoral term, and also increase their wage shares by 4 percentage points. Overall, patronage explains slightly more...
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作者：Austin, Wes; Figlio, David; Goldhaber, Dan; Hanushek, Eric A.; Kilbride, Tara; Koedel, Cory; Lee, Jaeseok Sean; Lou, Jin; Ozek, Umut; Parsons, Eric; Rivkin, Steven G.; Sass, Tim R.; Strunk, Katharine O.
作者单位：United States Environmental Protection Agency; University of Rochester; American Institutes for Research; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Stanford University; Michigan State University; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; RAND Corporation; Rand Health; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital; University System of Georgia; Georgia State University; University of Pennsylvania
摘要：We use administrative panel data from seven states covering nearly 3 million students to document and explore variation in academic mobility, a term we use to describe the extent to which students' ranks in the distribution of academic performance change during their public schooling careers. We find that student ranks are highly persistent during elementary and secondary education-that is, academic mobility is limited in U.S. schools on the whole. Still, there is non-negligible variation in t...
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作者：Fanfani, Bernardo
作者单位：University of Turin
摘要：This study examines the wage and employment effects of Italian collective wage bargaining. It analyzes monthly data on the population of private-sector employees, matched with the information on contractual pay levels set by industry-wide agreements, which were bargained by the representatives of trade unions and employers at the national level. The research design exploited the generalized wage growth induced by changes in the contractual pay levels, whose timing and size differ across collec...
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作者：Mansuri, Ghazala; Palaniswamy, Nethra; Rao, Vijayendra; Shrestha, Slesh A.
作者单位：The World Bank; The World Bank; The World Bank; National University of Singapore
摘要：We present experimental evidence on the efficacy of a performance-based incentive in motivating elected politicians to improve delivery of a large-scale public program in India. The study randomly assigned presidents of village governments in the state of Tamil Nadu to one of two incentive schemes (or a control group): a financial incentive that rewarded better performing presidents with a higher public budget, and a nonfinancial incentive that awarded them a certificate demonstrating their ac...
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作者：Widmann, Rainer
摘要：This paper studies the relationship between local personal income tax rates and the attractiveness of municipalities as residential locations for immigrant inventors in Switzerland. Exploiting sharp differ-ences in top income tax rates across state borders, I find an elasticity of the probability that an inventor takes residence in a border municipality with respect to the top net-of-tax rate of around 3.2. Additional evidence suggests that inventors' residential location choices are consequen...
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作者：Sarmiento, Luis; Waegner, Nicole; Zaklan, Aleksandar
作者单位：Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC); Leibniz Association; DIW Berlin - Deutsches Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung; Leibniz Association; RWI - Leibniz Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung; Norwegian School of Economics (NHH)
摘要：This study provides the first evidence of the subjective well-being impacts of low emission zones (LEZs) while also undertaking a comprehensive analysis of their air quality effects. We identify causal impacts by exploiting the zones' introduction date with difference-in-differences designs robust to staggered implementations and time-varying treatment effects. Results show air quality improvements through reductions in traffic-related pollutants despite ground-level ozone increases and harmfu...
