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作者：Firlej, Mikolaj; Taeihagh, Araz
作者单位：University of Oxford; National University of Singapore
摘要：In recent years, many sectors have experienced significant progress in automation, associated with the growing advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning. There are already automated robotic weapons, which are able to evaluate and engage with targets on their own, and there are already autonomous vehicles that do not need a human driver. It is argued that the use of increasingly autonomous systems (AS) should be guided by the policy of human control, according to which humans sho...
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作者：Asquer, Alberto; Krachkovskaya, Inna
作者单位：University of London; University of London School Oriental & African Studies (SOAS); University of London; University of London School Oriental & African Studies (SOAS)
摘要：This study aims to improve theoretical accounts of regulatory responses to emerging technologies by proposing a model of regulatory development, which incorporates a role for types of uncertainty and for existing regulatory institutions. Differently from existing theories of regulatory development, the model proposed here posits a sequence of cyclical activities where regulatory responses arise in incremental fashion out of efforts to make sense of emerging technologies and to ponder the appli...
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作者：Heimer, Carol A.; Kuo, Elsinore
作者单位：Northwestern University
摘要：Scholars sometimes criticize durable regulatory systems for being costly, inefficient, ineffective, and inequitable. This article reassesses regulation, arguing that a mis-categorization of types of regulatory activity has led critics astray. More specifically, the article observes that regulation hardened by being built into infrastructure often ceases to be seen as regulation and its benefits are therefore inappropriately omitted from assessments of regulatory accomplishments. Hardening into...
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作者：Baugus, Brian; Bose, Feler; Jacob, Jeffry
作者单位：Regent University; Indiana University System; Indiana University East
摘要：Sunset provisions are clauses embedded in legislation that cause a piece of legislation or a regulatory board to expire on a certain date unless the legislature takes affirmative action to renew the legislation or board. Supporters and legislators offer several reasons why sunset laws are valuable and useful. An article by Baugus and Bose (2015), reported on the king-and-council model of Congleton (2001), suggests that sunset laws are a key tool legislatures use in asserting themselves against...
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作者：Gray, Garry; van Rooij, Benjamin
作者单位：University of Victoria; University of Amsterdam; University of California System; University of California Irvine
摘要：Regulatory studies assume that citizens can act as regulators to complement or correct failing state and market forms of regulation. Yet, there is a growing literature that shows that in reality citizens may fail to be effective regulators. This paper systematically analyses how power inequalities obstruct citizens in their regulatory roles. It compares four case studies with highly different social and political contexts but with similar outcomes of citizens failing to regulate risk. The case...
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作者：Chan, Kwan Nok; Fan, Shiwei
作者单位：University of Hong Kong; University of Hong Kong; Central University of Finance & Economics
摘要：Democracies deliberately create friction in bureaucratic processes, using inefficiencies to mitigate the impact of government transitions and asymmetric information on leaders' ability to exert control. With far more centralized power, would authoritarians prefer less friction? We argue that they do not. In fact, excess friction is actively supplied to hinder bureaucratic coordination independent of or even in opposition to top-down control, leaving the central leaders the only player powerful...
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作者：Grimmelikhuijsen, Stephan; Herkes, Feie; Leistikow, Ian; Verkroost, Jos; de Vries, Femke; Zijlstra, Wilte G.
作者单位：Utrecht University; Tilburg University; Ministry of Health, Welfare & Sport; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; University of Groningen
摘要：Decision transparency is often proposed as a way to maintain or even increase citizen trust, yet this assumption is still untested in the context of regulatory agencies. We test the effect of transparency of a typical decision tradeoff in regulatory enforcement: granting forbearance or imposing a sanction. We employed a representative survey experiment (n = 1,546) in which we test the effect of transparency in general (providing information about a decision or not) and the effect of specific t...
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作者：Chu, May
作者单位：Chinese University of Hong Kong
摘要：This paper examines the evolution of China's food standard-setting procedures from both domestic and international perspectives, particularly in the context of the internationalization of regulation. After the reform and opening-up in 1978, state actors and leading enterprises monopolized the process of national food standard setting. With further participation in the global economy in the 21st century, China has become familiar with the international standard-setting procedures and has modele...
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作者：Cluley, Robert
作者单位：University of Nottingham
摘要：What should rivals do when they see competitors breaking agreed rules within systems of self-regulation? This study investigates compliant behavior among British advertisers to empirically answer this question. It analyses five years of complaints (n = 146,062) and adjudications (n = 4,832) published by the self-regulatory body for the British advertising industry. The majority of firms adopt a strategy of indifference and rarely regulate their rivals. Highly engaged firms either adopt an ange...
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作者：Diaz Diaz, Belen; Garcia-Ramos, Rebeca; Garcia Olalla, Myriam
作者单位：Universidad de Cantabria
摘要：The aim of this paper was to analyze equity market reactions to the mandatory European Union regulation of remuneration policies in financial institutions. Using event study methodology, we investigated market reactions to the first European Directive on compensation policies after the financial crisis using a sample of 124 banks operating in the European Union. We divided the sample into two groups according to bank size considering four criteria: the US Dodd-Frank Act 2010, the Liikanen Repo...
