25期

最新文章

• Model- based algorithms shape automatic evaluative processing AI翻译
  作者：Melnikoff, David E.; Kurdi, Benedek
  作者单位：Stanford University; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
  摘要：Computational theories of reinforcement learning suggest that two families of algorithm-model-based and model-free-tightly map onto the classic distinction between automatic and deliberate systems of control: Deliberate evaluative responses are thought to reflect model-based algorithms, which are accurate but computationally expensive, whereas automatic evaluative responses are thought to reflect model-free algorithms, which are error-prone but computationally cheap. This framework has animate...
• Abrupt shift of El Niño periodicity under CO2 mitigation AI翻译
  作者：Iwakiri, Tomoki; Kug, Jong-Seong; Jin, Fei-Fei; Zhao, Sen; An, Soon-Il; Kim, Geon-Il; Park, Dongkyu
  作者单位：Seoul National University (SNU); Ochanomizu University; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; Yonsei University; University of Toronto
  摘要：Removing CO2 from the atmosphere is emerging as a viable strategy to mitigate global warming, yet the responses of the climate system to CO2 reduction remain uncertain. One of the most uncertain aspects of El Ni & ntilde;o behavior is the change in periodicity in response to CO2 forcing [O. Alizadeh, Earth-Sci. Rev. 235, 104246 (2022)]. In this study, we show that climate models consistently project an abrupt shortening of El Ni & ntilde;o periodicity once CO2 reductions commence in ramp-up an...
• Large language models show amplified cognitive biases in moral decision-making AI翻译
  作者：Cheung, Vanessa; Maier, Maximilian; Lieder, Falk
  作者单位：University of London; University College London; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
  摘要：As large language models (LLMs) become more widely used, people increasingly rely on them to make or advise on moral decisions. Some researchers even propose using LLMs as participants in psychology experiments. It is, therefore, important to understand how well LLMs make moral decisions and how they compare to humans. We investigated these questions by asking a range of LLMs to emulate or advise on people's decisions in realistic moral dilemmas. In Study 1, we compared LLM responses to those ...
• Ralph Holloway (1935-2025): Pioneering paleoneurologist AI翻译
  作者：Beaudet, Amelie; Wood, Bernard
  作者单位：Universite de Poitiers; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Poitiers; University of Cambridge; University of Witwatersrand
  摘要：Ralph Holloway pioneered and developed the field of hominin paleoneurology. Although Holloway's undergraduate degrees were in metallurgical engineering and geology, at graduate school his interests switched to the brain. Holloway and his graduate students explored many aspects of the macro- and microstructure of the brain of extant primates but he focused on the recent evolutionary history of the human brain. The infant skull of the first African early hominin discovered at Taungs by Raymond D...
• Gut sulfide metabolism modulates behavior and brain bioenergetics AI翻译
  作者：Kumar, Roshan; Sykes, Delawrence J.; Band, Victor I.; Schaller, Megan L.; Patel, Romel; Vitvitsky, Victor; Sajjakulnukit, Peter; Singhal, Rashi; Wong, Harrison K. A.; Hourigan, Suchitra K.; Ichinose, Fumito; Lyssiotis, Costas A.; Shah, Yatrik M.; Banerjee, Ruma
  作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
  摘要：The host-microbiome interface is rich in metabolite exchanges and exquisitely sensitive to diet. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is present at high concentrations at this interface and is a product of both microbial and host metabolism. The mitochondrial enzyme, sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR), couples H2S detoxification to oxidative phosphorylation; its inherited deficiency presents as Leigh disease. Since an estimated two-thirds of systemic H2S metabolism originates in the gut, it raises questi...
• Gut microbiome and host TOR pathway interact to regulate predator-induced aversive memory in Drosophila melanogaster AI翻译
  作者：Chen, Hao- Yu; Wu, Po- Sheng; Li, Zong- You; Liu, You- Cheng; Yeh, Sheng- Rong; Duan, Bi Chun; Chen, Kai Wen; Hsu, Chen Chih; Chiu, Yen- Ling; Lee, Wang- Tso; Fan, Shou- Zen; Wang, Pei - Yu
  作者单位：National Taiwan University; National Taiwan University; National Taiwan University Hospital; National Taiwan University; Far Eastern Memorial Hospital; National Taiwan University; National Taiwan University Hospital; National Taiwan University; National Taiwan University; Academia Sinica - Taiwan; National Taiwan University; Academia Sinica - Taiwan; Taipei Medical University
  摘要：The gut microbiome has emerged as a key factor influencing a wide range of host physiological processes and behaviors, though the mechanisms behind these effects remain only partially understood. In this study, we explored the role of the gut microbiome in memory regulation using a parasitoid wasp-induced oviposition depression paradigm in Drosophila melanogaster. Our findings show that flies with depleted gut microbiota, either through axenic culture or antibiotic treatment, exhibited signifi...
• Perceptual interventions ameliorate statistical discrimination in learning agents AI翻译
  作者：Duenez-Guzman, Edgar A.; Comanescu, Ramona; Mao, Yiran; Mckee, Kevin R.; Coppin, Ben; Sadedin, Suzanne; Chiappa, Silvia; Vezhnevets, Alexander S.; Bakker, MichielA.; Bachrach, Yoram; Isaac, William; Tuyls, Karl; Leibo, Joel Z.
  作者单位：Alphabet Inc.; Google Incorporated; DeepMind
  摘要：Choosing social partners is a potentially demanding task which involves paying attention to the right information while disregarding salient but possibly irrelevant features. The resultant trade-off between cost of evaluation and quality of decisions can lead to undesired bias. Information-processing abilities mediate this trade-off, where individuals with higher ability choose better partners leading to higher performance. By altering the salience of features, technology can modulate the effe...
• Increased frequency of planetary wave resonance events over the past half- century AI翻译
  作者：Li, Xueke; Mann, Michael E.; Wehner, Michael F.; Christiansen, Shannon
  作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  摘要：We demonstrate a tripling in the frequency of planetary wave resonance events over the past halfcentury, coinciding with the rise in persistent boreal summer weather extremes. This increase aligns with changes in the underlying climate conditions favoring these events, including amplified Arctic warming and land-sea thermal contrast. We also observe increased prevalence of resonant amplification events following the mature phase of strong El Ni & ntilde;o events, suggesting that such events ma...
• Deep mechanism design: Learning social and economic policies for human benefit AI翻译
  作者：Tacchetti, Andrea; Koster, Raphael; Balaguer, Jan; Leqi, Liu; Pislar, Miruna; Botvinick, Matthew M.; Tuyls, Karl; Parkes, David C.; Summerfield, Christopher
  作者单位：Alphabet Inc.; Google Incorporated; DeepMind; Princeton University; University of London; University College London; Yale University; Harvard University; University of Oxford
  摘要：Human society is coordinated by mechanisms that control how prices are agreed, taxes are set, and electoral votes are tallied. The design of robust and effective mechanisms for human benefit is a core problem in the social, economic, and political sciences. Here, we discuss the recent application of modern tools from AI research, including deep neural networks trained with reinforcement learning (RL), to create more desirable mechanisms for people. We review the application of machine learning...
• Humans program artificial delegates to accurately solve collective-risk dilemmas but lack precision AI翻译
  作者：Terrucha, Ines; Domingos, Elias Fernandez; Suchon, Remi; Santos, Francisco C.; Simoens, Pieter; Lenaerts, Tom
  作者单位：Ghent University; Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Universite Catholique de Lille; Universidade de Lisboa; Universidade de Lisboa; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
  摘要：In an era increasingly influenced by autonomous machines, it is only a matter of time before strategic individual decisions that impact collective goods will also be made virtually through the use of artificial delegates. Through a series of behavioral experiments that combine delegation to autonomous agents and different choice architectures, we pinpoint what may get lost in translation when humans delegate to algorithms. We focus on the collective-risk dilemma, a game where participants must...