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作者：Chang, Claire H. C.; Nastase, Samuel A.; Hasson, Uri; Dominey, Peter Ford
作者单位：Princeton University; Taipei Medical University; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Bourgogne Europe
摘要：Natural language unfolds over multiple nested timescales: Words form sentences, sentences form paragraphs, and paragraphs build into full narratives. Correspondingly, the brain exhibits a hierarchy of processing timescales, spanning from lower-to higher-order regions. During narrative comprehension, neural activation patterns have been shown to propagate along this cortical hierarchy with increasing temporal delays (lags). To investigate the mechanisms underlying this lag gradient, we systemat...
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作者：Roberts-Gaal, Xavier; Bolic, Marija; Cushman, Fiery A.
作者单位：Harvard University; University of Toronto
摘要：Cumulative culture requires learning mechanisms that are both efficient and flexible in the face of environmental change. We examine models of this learning mechanism that emphasize teaching what to do (causally opaque procedures) and those that foreground what to aim for and why (goals and causal reasoning). Learning procedures is cheap but inflexible; learning goals is more flexible to changing circumstance, but requires expensive individual learning about how to achieve them. In an iterated...
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作者：Zhang, Yuchun; Liu, Lin; Qiao, Yu; Yao, Tian; Zhao, Xing; Yan, Yong
作者单位：Chinese Academy of Sciences; Nanjing Institute of Geology & Paleontology, CAS; National Center for Nanoscience & Technology, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS; Shandong University of Technology; University of Science & Technology Beijing
摘要：Introducing neuromorphic computing paradigms into taste-sensing technology will bring unprecedented opportunities for developing new hardware architectures with perceptual intelligence. Constructing the biomimetic gustatory system, however, remains a challenge due to the scarcity of suitable components operating under wet conditions. Here, we report that ion confinement within the layered graphene oxide membranes can be used to develop a memristive device capable of implementing both synaptic ...
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作者：Holland, Patrick L.
作者单位：Yale University
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作者：Huang, Jin; Watanabe, Ayumi; Kanaya, Moeko; Gomi, Ayano; Yokoyama, Haruka; Ishii, Hikari; Nakamura, Yusuke; Azuma, Morio; Konno, Norifumi; Kaiya, Hiroyuki; Sakai, Takafumi; Sakata, Ichiro
作者单位：Saitama University; Jichi Medical University; University of Toyama; Saitama University; Saitama University
摘要：The intestinal-derived hormone motilin, a peptide belonging to the ghrelin family, induces strong gastric contractions and hunger sensations. However, whether motilin regulates food intake and its association with gastric motility remains unclear. Rodents are unsuitable for animal studies of motilin function, as both the motilin and motilin-receptor genes exist only as pseudogenes in their genomes. In this study, investigated the role of motilin on food intake by simultaneously monitoring gast...
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作者：Huchard, Elise; Kappeler, Peter M.; Smit, Nikolaos; Fichtel, Claudia; Lukas, Dieter
作者单位：Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier; Leibniz Association; Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ); University of Gottingen; Max Planck Society
摘要：Historically, it was widely assumed that males dominate females socially in most mammals. However, recent studies revealed significant variation within and among species, opening new possibilities to explore the extent and drivers of sex biases in dominance relations. This study uses quantitative data from 253 populations across 121 primate species to investigate the distribution of, and factors associated with, sex biases in the outcome of male-female contests. We first showed that male-femal...
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作者：Shaked, Ron; Katz, Michael; Dvashi, Hadas Cohen -; Diskin, Ron
作者单位：Weizmann Institute of Science
摘要：The human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) is a retrovirus that got assimilated into the human genome in ancient times and has been inherited in our germline ever since. It enters cells using a class-I spike protein (Env) that mediates receptor recognition and membrane fusion. On top of having a biological role during development, HERV-K is activated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, various cancers, and other pathological conditions. Antibodies that target the HERV-K spike complex have therap...
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作者：Crosby, Garrett S.; Hei, Bai; Lynn, Melissa L.; Chakraborti, Ananya; Schwartz, Steven D.; Tardiff, Jil C.
作者单位：University of Arizona; University of Arizona; University of Arizona
摘要：The C-terminal tail of cardiac troponin T (C-cTnT) inhibits thin filament activation and is a hotspot for cardiomyopathic mutations and variants. The mechanism whereby this region limits activation is not well understood. The last 16 C-terminal residues form a highly flexible and disordered domain and thus have been poorly resolved in studies to date. Using Time-Resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) we resolved the structure of the disordered C-cTnT and studied the structur...
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作者：Wan, Allison; Riedl, Christoph; Lazer, David
作者单位：Northeastern University; Northeastern University; Northeastern University; Northeastern University; Harvard University
摘要：How does social network structure amplify or stifle behavior diffusion? Existing theory suggests that when social reinforcement makes the adoption of behavior more likely, it should spread more-both farther and faster-on clustered networks with redundant ties. Conversely, if adoption does not benefit from social reinforcement, it should spread more on random networks which avoid such redundancies. We develop a model of behavior diffusion with tunable probabilistic adoption and social reinforce...
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作者：Lu, Yue M.; Letey, Mary; Zavatone-Veth, Jacob A.; Maiti, Anindita; Pehlevan, Cengiz
作者单位：Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University; Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
摘要：Transformers have a remarkable ability to learn and execute tasks based on examples provided within the input itself, without explicit prior training. It has been argued that this capability, known as in-context learning (ICL), is a cornerstone of Transformers' success, yet questions about the necessary sample complexity, pretraining task diversity, and context length for successful ICL remain unresolved. Here, we provide a precise answer to these questions in an exactly solvable model of ICL ...
