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作者：Irarrazabal, Alfonso; Moxnes, Andreas; Opromolla, Luca David
作者单位：BI Norwegian Business School; Norges Bank; University of Oslo; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut
摘要：Trade costs are often additive. Well-known examples are quotas, per unit tariffs, and, in part, transportation costs. In spite of this, we have no broad and systematic evidence of the magnitude of these costs. In this paper, we develop a new empirical framework for estimating additive trade costs from standard firm-level trade data. Our results suggest that additive barriers are on average 14%, expressed relative to the median price. The point estimates are strongly correlated with common prox...
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作者：Wozniak, Abigail
作者单位：University of Notre Dame; National Bureau of Economic Research; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：A common assumption is that the rise of drug testing among U.S. employers must have had negative consequences for black employment. I use variation in the timing and nature of drug testing regulation to identify the impacts of testing on black hiring. I find that adoption of protesting legislation increases black employment in the testing sector by 7% to 30% and relative wages by 1.4% to 13.0%, with the largest shifts among low-skilled black men. The results are consistent with ex ante discrim...
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作者：Besedes, Tibor; Deck, Cary; Sarangi, Sudipta; Shor, Mikhael
作者单位：University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Fayetteville; Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University; National Science Foundation (NSF); University of Connecticut
摘要：Previous studies have demonstrated that a multitude of options can lead to choice overload, reducing decision quality. Through controlled experiments, we examine sequential choice architectures that enable the choice set to remain large while potentially reducing the effect of choice overload. A specific tournament-style architecture achieves this goal. An alternate architecture in which subjects compare each subset of options to the most preferred option encountered thus far fails to improve ...
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作者：Appelt, Silvia
作者单位：University of Munich
摘要：Originators seek to mitigate the loss of monopoly power by authorizing generic entry prior to patent expiry. Off-patent competition may be adversely affected if authorized generic entry substantially lowers the attractiveness of subsequent generic entry. This study assesses the impact of authorized generic entry on independent generic entry in recent cases of patent expiry in Germany. The results of a recursive bivariate probit regression, accounting for the endogeneity of authorized generic e...
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作者：Meier, Stephan; Sprenger, Charles D.
作者单位：Columbia University; Stanford University
摘要：The preferences assumed to govern intertemporal trade-offs are generally considered to be stable economic primitives, though evidence on this stability is notably lacking. We present evidence from a large field study conducted over two years, with around 1,400 individuals using incentivized intertemporal choice experiments. Aggregate choice profiles and corresponding estimates of discount parameters are unchanged over the two years and individual correlations through time are high by existing ...
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作者：Berman, Nicolas; Couttenier, Mathieu
作者单位：University of Lausanne
摘要：We use georeferenced information on the location of violent events in sub-Saharan African countries and provide evidence that external income shocks are important determinants of the intensity and geography of civil conflicts. More precisely, we find that (a) the incidence, intensity, and onset of conflicts are generally negatively and significantly correlated with income variations at the local level; (b) this relationship is significantly weaker for the most remote locations; and (c) at the ...
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作者：Legros, Patrick; Newman, Andrew F.; Proto, Eugenio
作者单位：Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; Boston University
摘要：We model technological progress as an external effect of organizational design, focusing on how factories, based on labor division, could spawn the Industrial Revolution. Dividing labor, as Adam Smith argued, facilitates invention by observers of production processes. However, entrepreneurs cannot internalize this benefit and choose labor division to facilitate monitoring. Equilibrium with few entrepreneurs features low wage shares, and high specialization, but a limited market for innovations...
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作者：Lind, Jo Thori; Moene, Karl Ove; Willumsen, Fredrik
作者单位：University of Oslo
摘要：To explain the rise in Afghan opium production, we explore how rising conflicts change the incentives of farmers. Conflicts make illegal opportunities more profitable as they increase the perceived lawlessness and destroy infrastructure crucial to alternative crops. Exploiting a unique data set, we show that Western hostile casualties, our proxy for conflict, have a strong impact on subsequent local opium production. Using the period after the planting season as a placebo test, we show that co...
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作者：Baten, Joerg; Crayen, Dorothee; Voth, Hans-Joachim
作者单位：Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; University of Zurich
摘要：Using census-based data on the ability to recall one's age, we show that low levels of nutrition impaired numeracy in industrializing England, 1780 to 1850: cognitive ability declined among those born during the Napoleonic wars. The effect was stronger in areas where grain was expensive and relief for the poor, an early form of welfare support was limited. Nutritional shortages had a nonlinear effect on numeracy, with, severe shortages impairing numeracy more. Nutrition during childhood also m...
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作者：Jia, Ruixue
作者单位：Stockholm University
摘要：This paper investigates the long-run development of China's treaty ports from the mid-eighteenth century until today. Focusing on a sample of prefectures on the coast or on the Yangtze River, I document the dynamic development paths of treaty ports and their neighbors in alternate phases of closedness and openness. I also provide suggestive evidence on migration and sector-wise growth to understand the advantage of treaty ports in the long run.
