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作者：Ferreira, Fernando; Gyourko, Joseph
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：What are the consequences of electing a female leader for policy and political outcomes? We answer this question in the context of U.S. cities, where women's participation in mayoral elections increased from negligible numbers in 1970 to about one-third of the elections in the 2000's. A novel data set of U.S. mayoral elections from 1950 to 2005 was used, and a regression discontinuity design was employed to deal with the endogeneity of female candidacy to city characteristics. In contrast to m...
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作者：Chalmers, John; Johnson, Woodrow T.; Reuter, Jonathan
作者单位：University of Oregon; Boston College; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We use administrative data from Oregon's Public Employees Retirement System (PERS) to study the effect of pension design on employer costs and employee retirement-timing decisions. During our 1990-2003 sample period, PERS calculates each member's retirement benefit using up to three different formulas (defined benefit (DB), defined contribution (DC), and a combination of DB and DC), and PERS pays the maximum benefit for which the member is eligible. We show that this maximum benefit calculatio...
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作者：Castillo, Marco; Petrie, Ragan; Wardell, Clarence
作者单位：George Mason University
摘要：Two main reasons why people donate to charity are that they have been asked and asked by someone they care about. One would therefore expect that charitable organizations could benefit from peer-to-peer fundraising if they were able to persuade donors to do so for them. However, little is known on the costs and benefits of asking donors to fundraise. We investigate this by implementing a field experiment embedded in an online giving organization's web page. In our experiment, donors who have c...
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作者：Dettling, Lisa J.; Kearney, Melissa S.
作者单位：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve System Board of Governors; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This project investigates how changes in Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)-level house prices affect household fertility decisions. Recognizing that housing is a major cost associated with child rearing, and assuming that children are normal goods, we hypothesize that an increase in house prices will have a negative price effect on current period fertility. This applies to both potential first-time homeowners and current homeowners who might upgrade to a bigger house with the addition of a c...
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作者：Bharadwaj, Prashant; Johnsen, Julian V.; Loken, Katrine V.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Bergen
摘要：An important externality of smoking is the harm it might cause to those who do not smoke. This paper examines the impact on birth outcomes of children of female workers who are affected by smoking bans in the workplace. Analyzing a 2004 law change in Norway that extended smoking restrictions to bars and restaurants, we find that children of female workers in restaurants and bars born after the law change saw significantly lower rates of being born below the very low birth weight (VLBW) thresho...
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作者：Charpentier, Arthur; Le Maux, Benoit
作者单位：Universite de Rennes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Rennes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
摘要：This paper develops a theoretical framework for analyzing the decision to provide or buy insurance against the risk of natural catastrophes. In contrast to conventional models of insurance, the insurer has a non-zero probability of insolvency which depends on the distribution of the risks, the premium rate, and the amount of capital in the company. When the insurer is insolvent, each loss reduces the indemnity available to the victims, thus generating negative pecuniary externalities. Our mode...
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作者：Delpierre, Matthieu; Verheyden, Bertrand
作者单位：Universite Catholique Louvain
摘要：We provide a normative analysis of endogenous student and worker mobility in the presence of diverging interests between universities and governments. Student mobility generates a university competition effect which induces them to overinvest in education, whereas worker mobility generates a free-rider effect for governments, who are not willing to subsidize the education of agents who will work abroad. At equilibrium, the free-rider effect always dominates the competition effect, resulting in...
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作者：Cerqua, Augusto; Pellegrini, Guido
作者单位：Sapienza University Rome
摘要：There is still little consensus among economists on the effectiveness of business support policies. The evaluation of such policies requires a reliable identification procedure that is hardly achieved in empirical studies. We analyse the impact of a policy instrument - Law 488/92 (L488), the main Italian regional policy - that allocates subsidies to private firms by a multiple ranking system. Thanks to the peculiar L488 selection process that creates the conditions for a local random experimen...
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作者：Oswald, Yvonne; Backes-Gellner, Uschi
作者单位：University of Zurich
摘要：This paper investigates the effect of financial incentives on student performance and analyzes for the first time how the incentive effect in education is moderated by students' time preferences. To examine this effect, we use real labor market incentive programs that we combine with data from experiments on time preferences. We find not only that students who are offered financial incentives for better grades have on average better first- and second-year grade point averages but also, more st...
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作者：Haufler, Andreas; Norback, Pehr-Johan; Persson, Lars
作者单位：University of Munich; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN); Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR)
摘要：Stimulating entrepreneurship is high on the policy agenda of many countries. We study the effects of tax policies on entrepreneurs' choice of riskiness (or quality) of an innovation project, and on their mode of commercializing the innovation (market entry versus sale). Limited loss offset provisions in the tax system induce entrepreneurs innovating for entry to choose projects with inefficiently little risk. The same distortion does not arise when entrepreneurs sell their innovation in a comp...
