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作者：Koffi, Marlene; Marx, Matt
作者单位：University of Toronto; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We analyze nearly 70 million scientific articles to estimate the gender dynamics in the commercialization of science. We report a gender gap of 14 percent, which does not appear to be explained either by the quality of the science or by its commercial potential. The gap is widest among papers with female last authors (i.e., lab head or principal investigator), even when publishing high-quality science. However, the gap vanishes when authors self-commercialize discoveries via new ventures, and ...
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作者：Ajzenman, Nicolas; Elacqua, Gregory; Marotta, Luana; Olsen, Anne Sofie
作者单位：McGill University; IZA Institute Labor Economics; Inter-American Development Bank; Novo Nordisk
摘要：We evaluate a nationwide zero-cost intervention to reduce teacher sorting, where lower-income students are more likely to attend understaffed schools with less qualified teachers. Our approach was grounded in an insight from behavioral economics known as order effects. In the treatment arm, the teacher job application platform showed hard-to-staff schools first, while, in the control group, schools were displayed alphabetically. Treated teachers were more likely to apply to hard-to-staff schoo...
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作者：Smith, Cory
作者单位：University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
摘要：I study the long-run economic effects of land concentration on the American frontier. Using quasi-random variation in initial land allocations from a checkerboard formula, I analyze a large database of property assessments and find that historical concentration reduced modern land values by 4.5 percent and fixed capital by 23 percent. Modern effect sizes are 23-64 percent of their historical equivalents, indicating significant rates of both persistence and convergence over the last 150 years. ...
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作者：Calla-Zuanna, Antonio; Liu, Kai; Salvanes, Kjell G.
作者单位：European Central Bank; Bank of Italy; IZA Institute Labor Economics; IFS; University of Cambridge; Norwegian School of Economics (NHH)
摘要：We analyze the effects of reforming the high school admission system from a residence based allocation to a merit-based allocation. The merit-based system generates oversubscribed schools, which favor high-GPA students at the expense of displacing low-GPA ones. We use the potential outcomes framework to analyze the effects of the reform, separating the effects for those gaining access to competitive schools from those losing access and identifying these parameters by using the reform as an ins...
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作者：Handley, Kyle; Kamal, Fariha; Monarch, Ryan
作者单位：University of California System; University of California San Diego; National Bureau of Economic Research; Syracuse University
摘要：We examine the impacts of the 2018-2019 US import tariff increases on US exports through the lens of supply chain linkages. Using 2016 confidential firm-trade linked data, we identify exporters who were importing products that eventually faced tariff increases to construct product-level exposure to import tariffs. We find that the most exposed products had lower exports in 2018-2019, with the largest effects in 2019. The decline in exports in 2019 is equivalent to an ad valorem tariff on US ex...
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作者：Freedman, Seth; Sacks, Daniel W.; Simon, Kosali; Wing, Coady
作者单位：Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
摘要：We estimate direct and indirect vaccine effectiveness and assess how far the infection-reducing externality extends from the vaccinated, a key input to policy decisions. Our empirical strategy uses nearly universal microdata from a single state and relies on the six-month delay between 12-and 11-year-old COVID vaccine eligibility. Vaccination reduces cases by 80 percent, the direct effect. This protection spills over to close contacts, producing a household-level indirect effect about three-fo...
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作者：Ejermo, Olof; Enflo, Kerstin; Eriksson, Bjorn; Prawitz, Erik
作者单位：Lund University; Linnaeus University; Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)
摘要：Despite significant circular migration flows historically and today, their economic impacts remain understudied. Using data on predominantly rural Swedish migrants who returned from the United States during the Age of Mass Migration, we estimate returns to temporary migration in terms of wealth, income, demographic, and social outcomes. We find substantial wealth effects but limited evidence of increased labor income or occupational upgrading. Male returnees held nearly double the wealth of st...
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作者：Ahmed, Akhter; Hidrobo, Melissa; Hoddinott, John; Kolt, Bastien; Roy, Shalini; Tauseef, Salauddin
作者单位：CGIAR; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); Cornell University; CGIAR; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
摘要：Social assistance programs can increase consumption and reduce poverty, but less is known about whether these impacts are sustained after programs end or how design and context influence sustainability. Using data collected in two regions of Bangladesh four years after a randomized intervention ended, we find that combining cash transfers with complementary programming led to sustained increases in consumption and reductions in poverty. Combining food transfers with complementary programming s...
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作者：Terrier, Camille; Pathak, Parag A.; Ren, Kevin
作者单位：University of London; Queen Mary University London; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; Northwestern University
摘要：Countries and cities around the world increasingly rely on centralized systems for student placement. Two algorithms, deferred acceptance (DA) and immediate acceptance (IA), are widespread. We investigate the effects of the national ban of IA in England. Before the ban, 49 local authorities used DA and 16 used IA; all switched to DA afterward. We find that the elimination of IA reduces measures of school quality for low-SES students more than high-SES students. This effect is primarily driven ...
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作者：Gupta, Atul; La Forgia, Ambar; Sacarny, Adam
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Columbia University
摘要：Firms often exploit weaknesses in government contracts to boost revenues, yet little is known about how they allocate these funds. We study how hospitals allocated $3 billion obtained from gaming a Medicare loophole. The average gaming hospital increased Medicare and total revenue by around 10 percent, implying large spillovers on other payers. Nonprofit hospitals deployed most funds toward operating costs. For-profits-driven by a large chain-deducted funds off their balance sheets, distributi...
