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作者：Berkes, Enrico; Gaetani, Ruben
作者单位：University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University of Toronto
摘要：We analyze the effect of an increase in knowledge-intensive activi-ties on spatial inequality in US cities. We leverage a predetermined network of patent citations to instrument for local innovation trends. Between 1990 and 2010, a one-standard-deviation increase in pat-ent growth increases income segregation by 0.65 Gini points, cor-responding to 0.31 standard deviations of the over-time change in income segregation. This effect mainly arises from the sorting of res-idents by income, occupati...
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作者：Alsan, Marcella; Braghieri, Luca; Eichmeyer, Sarah; Kim, Minjeong Joyce; Stantcheva, Stefanie; Yang, David Y.
作者单位：Bocconi University; Bocconi University; Bocconi University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Harvard University
摘要：We study people's willingness to trade off civil liberties for increased health security in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic by deploy-ing representative surveys involving around 550,000 responses across 15 countries. We document significant heterogeneity across groups in willingness to sacrifice rights: citizens disadvantaged by income, education, or race are less willing to sacrifice rights than their more advantaged peers in every country. Leveraging naturally occurring variation and ex...
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作者：Monarrez, Tomas E.
作者单位：Urban Institute
摘要：School segregation is determined both by residential sorting and local policies, such as the drawing of attendance boundaries and school siting. This paper develops an approach to understanding the relative importance of these factors by calculating the distance -min-imizing assignment of students to schools and assessing whether actual assignments differ systematically by race. Using census data and attendance boundary maps for nearly 1,600 school districts, I find that attendance boundaries ...
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作者：Herbst, Daniel
作者单位：University of Arizona
摘要：In the United States, most student loans follow a fixed payment sched-ule that falls early in borrowers' careers. This structure provides no insurance against earnings risk and may increase student loan defaults. Income-driven repayment (IDR) plans are designed to help distressed student borrowers by lowering their monthly payments to a share of income. Using random variation in a loan servicer's automatic dialing system, I find that IDR reduces delinquencies by 22 percentage points and decrea...
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作者：Ouss, Aurelie; Stevenson, Megan
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; University of Virginia
摘要：Courts routinely use low cash bail as a financial incentive to ensure released defendants appear in court and abstain from crime. This can create burdens for defendants with little empirical evidence on its efficacy. We exploit a prosecutor-driven reform that led to a sharp reduction in low cash bail and pretrial supervision, with no effect on pretrial detention, to test whether such incentive mechanisms succeed at their intended purpose. We find no evidence that finan-cial collateral has a de...
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作者：Hungerman, Daniel; Moorthy, Vivek
作者单位：University of Notre Dame; National Bureau of Economic Research; College of the Holy Cross
摘要：We use variation in weather to study the long-term effects of activism during the original Earth Day on attitudes, environmental outcomes, and children's health. Unusually bad weather on April 22, 1970 is associated with weaker support for the environment 10 to 20 years later, particularly among those who were school aged in 1970. Bad weather on Earth Day is also associated with higher levels of carbon monoxide in the air and greater risk of congenital abnormalities in infants born in the foll...
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作者：Carrera, Mariana; Villas-boas, Sofia
作者单位：National Bureau of Economic Research; Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：Through a labeling intervention at a national retailer, we test three hypotheses for consumer aversion to generic over-the-counter drugs: lack of information on the comparability of generic and brand drugs, inattention to their price differences, and uncertainty about generic quality that can be reduced with information on peer purchase rates. With a difference-in-differences strategy, we find that posted information on the purchases of other customers increases generic purchase shares signifi...
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作者：Assuncao, Juliano; Gandour, Clarissa; Rocha, Romero
作者单位：Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro; Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
摘要：We study Brazil's recent use of satellite technology to overcome law enforcement shortcomings resulting from weak institutional envi-ronments. DETER is a system that processes satellite imagery and issues near-real-time deforestation alerts to target environmental enforcement in the Amazon. We propose a novel instrumental vari-able approach for estimating enforcement's impact on deforesta-tion. Clouds limiting DETER's capacity to detect clearings serve as a source of exogenous variation for th...
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作者：Baker, Michael; Halberstam, Yosh; Kroft, Kory; Mas, Alexandre; Messacar, Derek
作者单位：University of Toronto; National Bureau of Economic Research; Princeton University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Memorial University Newfoundland; Statistics Canada; Memorial University Newfoundland
摘要：We examine the impact of public sector salary disclosure laws on university faculty salaries in Canada. The laws, which enable pub-lic access to the salaries of individual faculty if they exceed spec-ified thresholds, were introduced in different provinces at different times. Using detailed administrative data covering the majority of faculty in Canada, and an event-study research design that exploits within-province variation in exposure to the policy across institutions and academic departme...
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作者：Abramitzky, Ran; Ager, Philipp; Boustan, Leah; Cohen, Elior; Hansen, Casper W.
作者单位：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Mannheim; Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR); Princeton University; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Kansas City; University of Copenhagen
摘要：In the 1920s, the United States substantially reduced immigration by imposing country-specific entry quotas. We compare local labor markets differentially exposed to the quotas due to variation in the national-origin mix of their immigrant population. US-born work-ers in areas losing immigrants did not benefit relative to workers in less exposed areas. Instead, in urban areas, European immigrants were replaced with internal migrants and immigrants from Mexico and Canada. By contrast, farmers s...
