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作者：Helm, Ines; Stuhler, Jan
作者单位：University of Munich; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
摘要：We study the fiscal and tax response to intergovernmental grants, exploiting quasi-experimental variation within Germany's fiscal equalization scheme triggered by census revisions of population counts. Municipal budgets do not adjust instantly. Instead, spending and investments adapt within five years to revenue gains, while the adjustment to losses is more rapid. Yet the long-run response is symmetric. The tax response is particularly slow, stretching over more than a decade. Well-known empir...
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作者：Hackmann, Martin B.; Pohl, R. Vincent; Ziebarth, Nicolas R.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Mannheim; University of Mannheim; Leibniz Association; Zentrum fur Europaische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW); Cornell University; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：How do patient and provider incentives affect the provision of long-term care? Our analysis of 551,000 nursing home stays yields three main insights. First , due to limited cost -sharing, Medicaidcovered residents prolong their nursing home stays instead of transitioning to community -based care. Second , when facility capacity binds , nursing homes shorten Medicaid stays to admit more profitable out-of-pocket private payers. Third , providers react more elastically to financial incentives tha...
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作者：Thoresson, Anna
作者单位：Uppsala University; Uppsala University
摘要：This paper studies how wages respond to a sudden change in employer concentration by using the deregulation of the Swedish pharmacy industry. The reform involved a substantial and policy -driven increase in the number of employers that varied by local labor market. Exploiting this variation, elasticities of wages with respect to labor market concentration are estimated between -0.025 and -0.061. The positive wage effects from reduced employer concentration are most prevalent for more mobile wo...
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作者：Hershbein, Brad; Stuart, Bryan A.
作者单位：W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Philadelphia
摘要：This paper studies how US local labor markets respond to employment losses that occur during recessions. Following recessions from 1973 through 2009 , we find areas that lose more jobs during the recession experience persistent relative declines in employment and population. Most importantly , these local labor markets also experience persistent decreases in the employment -population ratio , earnings per capita , and earnings per worker. Our results imply that limited population responses res...
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作者：Marion, Justin; West, Jeremy
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
摘要：Governments often privatize the administration of regulations to third-party specialists paid for by the regulated parties. We study how the resulting conflict of interest can have unintended consequences for the distributional impacts of regulation. In Massachusetts, the party responsible for hazardous waste contamination must hire a licensed contractor to quantify the environmental severity. We find that contractors' evaluations favor their clients, exhibiting substantial score bunching just...
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作者：Axbard, Sebastian; Deng, Zichen
作者单位：University of London; Queen Mary University London; University of Amsterdam; Norwegian School of Economics (NHH)
摘要：Government regulations are often imperfectly enforced by public officials. In this study, we exploit the introduction of air pollution monitors in China to investigate whether real-time monitoring of policy outcomes affects the enforcement of existing regulations. Using assignment criteria established by the central government and new georeferenced data on local enforcement activities, we show that monitoring (i) increases enforcement against local firms, (ii) improves the targeting of enforce...
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作者：Baran, Cavit; Chyn, Eric; Stuart, Bryan A.
作者单位：Sabanci University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; National Bureau of Economic Research; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Philadelphia
摘要：This paper studies the impact of the First Great Migration on children. We use the complete -count 1940 census to estimate selection -corrected place effects on education for children of Black migrants. On average , Black children gained 0.8 years of schooling ( 12 percent ) by moving from the South to the North. Many counties that had the strongest positive impacts on children during the 1940s offer relatively poor opportunities for Black youth today. Opportunities for Black children were gre...
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作者：Farronato, Chiara; Fradkin, Andrey; Larsen, Bradley J.; Brynjolfsson, Erik
作者单位：Harvard University; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; National Bureau of Economic Research; Boston University; Washington University (WUSTL); Stanford University
摘要：We study the demand and supply implications of occupational licensing using transaction -level data from a large online platform for home improvement services. We find that demand is more responsive to a professional's reviews than to the professional's platform -verified licensing status. We show some evidence that consumers view licenses and reviews as substitutes. We confirm the generality of our findings off the platform in an independent consumer survey. Combining state -level licensing r...
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作者：Crepon, Bruno; El Komi, Mohamed; Osman, Adam
作者单位：Institut Polytechnique de Paris; ENSAE Paris; Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB); American University Cairo; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
摘要：Is the type of financial support provided to businesses more important than which businesses receive it? Loans and grants can lead to differences in optimal investments and in scope for moral hazard. We randomize 3,293 business loan applicants into receiving a loan, cash grant, in -kind grant, or nothing. All treatments equally increase income, yet there are large differences within a treatment group with impacts concentrated at the top of the distribution. Those who succeed with loans are obs...
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作者：Ochsner, Christian; Roesel, Felix
作者单位：Charles University Prague; Czech Academy of Sciences; Economics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Czech Academy of Sciences; Braunschweig University of Technology; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut
摘要：We show that history stored in collective memories and activated by political campaigns can create xenophobia and radicalization. Turkish troops besieged Vienna in 1529 and 1683 and pillaged individual Austrian villages , killing and kidnapping in the process. Attacked places remember those events well but never expressed aversion to Muslims until far-right populists started to campaign against Turks and Muslims in the mid - 2000s. We find anti-Muslim sentiments and far-right voting surge in p...
