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作者：Heidt, Amanda
摘要：The fast-growing discipline needs more scientists from under-represented groups. A raft of initiatives is rising to the challenge.
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作者：Querlioz, Damien
作者单位：Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Universite Paris Cite
摘要：Systems that emulate biological neural networks offer an efficient way of running AI algorithms, but they can't be trained using the conventional approach. The symmetry of these 'physical' networks provides a neat solution.
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作者：Dai, Yao; Idorn, Manja; Serrero, Manutea C.; Pan, Xiaoyong; Thomsen, Emil A.; Narita, Ryo; Maimaitili, Muyesier; Qian, Xiaoqing; Iversen, Marie B.; Reinert, Line S.; Flygaard, Rasmus K.; Chen, Muwan; Ding, Xiangning; Zhang, Bao-cun; Carter-Timofte, Madalina E.; Lu, Qing; Jiang, Zhuofan; Zhong, Yiye; Zhang, Shuhui; Da, Lintai; Zhu, Jinwei; Denham, Mark; Nissen, Poul; Mogensen, Trine H.; Mikkelsen, Jacob Giehm; Zhang, Shen-Ying; Casanova, Jean-Laurent; Cai, Yujia; Paludan, Soren R.
作者单位：Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Aarhus University; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Aarhus University; Aarhus University; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Aarhus University; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris Cite; Rockefeller University; Universite Paris Cite; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades - APHP; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Gothenburg
摘要：The brain is highly sensitive to damage caused by infection and inflammation(1,2). Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus and the cause of herpes simplex encephalitis(3). It is unknown whether neuron-specific antiviral factors control virus replication to prevent infection and excessive inflammatory responses, hence protecting the brain. Here we identify TMEFF1 as an HSV-1 restriction factor using genome-wide CRISPR screening. TMEFF1 is expressed specifically in neurons of the c...
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作者：Dubovik, Tania; Lukacisin, Martin; Starosvetsky, Elina; Leroy, Benjamin; Normand, Rachelly; Admon, Yasmin; Alpert, Ayelet; Ofran, Yishai; G'Sell, Max; Shen-Orr, Shai S.
作者单位：Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Carnegie Mellon University; Rambam Health Care Campus; Nike Inc; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Rambam Health Care Campus; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Shaare Zedek Medical Center
摘要：An essential prerequisite for evolution by natural selection is variation among individuals in traits that affect fitness1. The ability of a system to produce selectable variation, known as evolvability2, thus markedly affects the rate of evolution. Although the immune system is among the fastest-evolving components in mammals3, the sources of variation in immune traits remain largely unknown4,5. Here we show that an important determinant of the immune system's evolvability is its organization...
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作者：Gulland, Anne
摘要：Do fewer things, work at a natural pace and obsess over quality, says computer scientist Cal Newport, in his latest time-management book.
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作者：Xue, Zhiwei; Zhou, Tiankuang; Xu, Zhihao; Yu, Shaoliang; Dai, Qionghai; Fang, Lu
作者单位：Tsinghua University; Tsinghua University; Tsinghua University; Tsinghua University; Zhejiang Laboratory; Tsinghua University
摘要：Optical computing promises to improve the speed and energy efficiency of machine learning applications1-6. However, current approaches to efficiently train these models are limited by in silico emulation on digital computers. Here we develop a method called fully forward mode (FFM) learning, which implements the compute-intensive training process on the physical system. The majority of the machine learning operations are thus efficiently conducted in parallel on site, alleviating numerical mod...
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作者：Vorlaender, Matthias K.; Rothe, Patricia; Kleifeld, Justus; Cormack, Eric D.; Veleti, Lalitha; Riabov-Bassat, Daria; Fin, Laura; Phillips, Alex W.; Cochella, Luisa; Plaschka, Clemens
作者单位：Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); Medical University of Vienna; University of Vienna; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Medical University of Vienna; Johns Hopkins University
摘要：Precursor-mRNA (pre-mRNA) splicing requires the assembly, remodelling and disassembly of the multi-megadalton ribonucleoprotein complex called the spliceosome1. Recent studies have shed light on spliceosome assembly and remodelling for catalysis2-6, but the mechanism of disassembly remains unclear. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of nematode and human terminal intron lariat spliceosomes along with biochemical and genetic data. Our results uncover how four disassembly factors...
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作者：Tollefson, Jeff
摘要：Unions are joining the Biden administration's campaign to promote scientific integrity and protect government scientists from political interference.
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作者：Woess, Katharina; Alonso-Curbelo, Direna
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作者：Kim, Elizabeth D.; Wu, Xiaoan; Lee, Sangyun; Tibbs, Gareth R.; Cunningham, Kevin P.; Di Zanni, Eleonora; Perez, Marta E.; Goldstein, Peter A.; Accardi, Alessio; Larsson, H. Peter; Nimigean, Crina M.
作者单位：Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; University of Miami; University of Westminster; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Linkoping University
摘要：Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels1 are essential for pacemaking activity and neural signalling2,3. Drugs inhibiting HCN1 are promising candidates for management of neuropathic pain4 and epileptic seizures5. The general anaesthetic propofol (2,6-di-iso-propylphenol) is a known HCN1 allosteric inhibitor(6) with unknown structural basis. Here, using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and electrophysiology, we show that propofol inhibits HCN1 by binding to a ...
