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作者：Borenstein, Severin; Bushnell, James B.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Davis
摘要：Economists favor pricing pollution in part so that consumers face the full social marginal cost (SMC) of goods and services. But even absent externalities, retail electricity prices typically exceed private marginal cost, due to a utility's need to cover average costs. Furthermore, the SMC of electricity can fluctuate widely hour-to-hour, while retail prices do not. We show that residential electricity rates exceed average SMC in most of the US, but there is large geographic and temporal varia...
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作者：Simula, Laurent; Trannoy, Alain
作者单位：Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
摘要：We solve the nonlinear income tax program for rank-dependent social welfare functions, expressing the trade-off between size and inequality using the Gini and related families of positional indices. Absent bunching, ranks in the actual and optimal allocations are invariant. Exploiting this feature, we provide new, simple, and intuitive tax formulas for both the quasilinear and additive cases and new comparative static results. Our approach makes insights from optimal taxation more widely acces...
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作者：Fryer, Roland G.; Levitt, Steven D.; List, John; Sadoff, Sally
作者单位：Harvard University; University of Chicago; University of California System; University of California San Diego
摘要：In a field experiment, we provide financial incentives to teachers framed either as gains, received at the end of the year, or as losses, in which teachers receive up-front bonuses that must be paid back if their students do not improve sufficiently. Pooling two waves of the experiment, loss-framed incentives improve math achievement by an estimated 0.124 standard deviations (Sigma), with large effects in the first wave and no effects in the second wave. Effects for gain-framed incentives are ...
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作者：Linos, Elizabeth; Prohofsky, Allen; Ramesh, Aparna; Rothstein, Jesse; Unrath, Matthew
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Harvard University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：The Earned Income Tax Credit distributes more than $60 billion to over 20 million low-income families annually. Nevertheless, an estimated one-fifth of eligible households do not claim it. We ran six preregistered, large-scale field experiments with 1 million obser-vations to test whether nudges could increase EITC take-up. Despite varying the content, design, messenger, and mode of our messages, we find no evidence that they affected households' likeli-hood of filing a tax return or claiming ...
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作者：Cherniwchan, Jevan; Najjar, Nouri
作者单位：Carleton University; Western University (University of Western Ontario)
摘要：This paper investigates how a common form of environmental regulation-air quality standards-affects exporters. We develop a simple theoretical model to show how the design of these standards causes (i) some firms to stop exporting and (ii) a reduction in the export volumes of affected continuing exporters. We exploit quasi-experimental variation resulting from the design of Canadian air quality standards to test these predictions empirically. Our estimates confirm our model's predictions: we f...
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作者：Sacarny, Adam; Baicker, Katherine; Finkelstein, Amy
作者单位：Columbia University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Chicago; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We study the impact of expanded adult Medicaid eligibility on the enrollment of already-eligible children. We analyze the 2008 Oregon Medicaid lottery, in which some low-income uninsured adults were randomly selected to be allowed to apply for Medicaid. Children in these households were eligible for Medicaid irrespective of the lottery outcome. We estimate statistically significant but transitory impacts of adult lottery selection on child Medicaid enrollment: at three months after the lottery...
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作者：LEVINSON, A. R. I. K.; SILVA, E. M. I. L. S. O. N.
作者单位：Georgetown University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Alberta
摘要：In theory, regulators concerned about inequality will deviate from efficient two-part tariffs, charging lower-than-efficient fixed monthly fees and higher-than-efficient per-kilowatt-hour prices. To quantify that relationship, we develop a measure of the redistributive extent of utility tariffs: the electric Gini. Utilities with higher electric Ginis shift more costs from households using relatively little electricity to households using more. In practice, US utilities whose ratepayers have mo...
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作者：JARDIM, E. K. A. T. E. R. I. N. A.; LONG, M. A. R. K. C.; PLOTNICK, R. O. B. E. R. T.; VAN INWEGEN, E. M. M. A.; VIGDOR, J. A. C. O. B.; WETHING, H. I. L. A. R. Y.
作者单位：Amazon.com; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; National Bureau of Economic Research; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
摘要：Seattle raised its minimum wage to as much as $11 in 2015 and as much as $13 in 2016. We use Washington State administrative data to conduct two complementary analyses of its impact. Relative to outlying regions of the state identified by the synthetic control method, aggregate employment at wages less than twice the original minimum-measured by total hours worked-declined. A portion of this reduction reflects jobs transitioning to wages above the threshold; the aggregate analysis likely overs...
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作者：SETTELE, S. O. N. J. A.
作者单位：University of Copenhagen; University of Copenhagen
摘要：I conduct a survey experiment to study the relationship between people's beliefs about the size of the gender wage gap and their demand for policies aimed at mitigating it. Beliefs causally affect support for equal pay legislation and affirmative action programs, but cannot account for the polarization in policy views by partisanship and gender Changes in policy demand seem to be driven by changes in beliefs about discrimination in labor markets and fairness concerns, while self-interest appea...
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作者：Brulhart, Marius; Gruber, Jonathan; Krapf, Matthias; Schmidheiny, Kurt
作者单位：University of Lausanne; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Basel; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut
摘要：We study how declared wealth responds to changes in wealth tax rates. Exploiting rich intranational variation in Switzerland, we find a 1 percentage point drop in a canton's wealth tax rate raises reported taxable wealth by at least 43 percent after 6 years. Administrative tax records of two cantons with quasi-randomly assigned differential tax reforms suggest that 24 percent of the effect arises from taxpayer mobility and 21 percent from a concurrent rise in housing prices. Savings responses ...
