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作者：Goulder, LH; Parry, IWH; Williams, RC; Burtraw, D
作者单位：Stanford University; Resources for the Future; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper employs analytical and numerical general equilibrium models to examine the significance of pre-existing factor taxes for the costs of pollution reduction under a wide range of environmental policy instruments. Pre-existing taxes imply significantly higher abatement costs for every instrument considered, but the cost-impact of such taxes differs sharply across instruments. Prior taxes can eliminate the cost-advantage of market-based instruments (emissions taxes and permits) over tech...
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作者：Heyes, A; Rickman, N
作者单位：University of London; Royal Holloway University London; University of Surrey
摘要：Despite the fact that (i) when the EPA observes regulatory violations it rarely pursues the violator and, (ii) the expected penalty faced by a violator who is pursued is small compared to the cost of compliance, it is still the case that, (iii), firms comply a significant portion of the time. Winston Harrington (Harrington, W., 1988. Enforcement leverage when penalties are restricted. Journal of Public Economics 37, 29-53) provides a dynamic model consistent with this apparent paradox. We offe...
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作者：van Wijnbergen, S; Estache, A
作者单位：University of Amsterdam; The World Bank
摘要：King-Fullerton methodology cannot assess the minimum-asset tax because it cannot handle uncertainty. We present an alternative based on option pricing, and show how carryover rules, depreciation conventions, and uncertainty affect the MAT burden. Using Brazilian data, we show (A) because of the high intersectoral variance of returns on capital, the MAT does not reduce sectoral distortions; (B) while high variance raises the MAT burden, high risk firms are not hit harder by the MAT: high-risk f...
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作者：Kneller, R; Bleaney, MF; Gemmell, N
作者单位：University of Nottingham
摘要：Is the evidence consistent with the predictions of endogenous growth models that the structure of taxation and public expenditure can affect the steady-state growth rate? Much previous research needs to be re-evaluated because it ignores the biases associated with incomplete specification of the government budget constraint. We show these biases to be substantial and, correcting for them, find strong support for the Barro model (1990, Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth....
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作者：Besley, T; Hall, J; Preston, I
作者单位：University of London; University College London; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：In spite of government dominance in financing health care in many countries, the private health care sector remains important. This is true even though most public provision is heavily subsidized, and in many cases free, at source. Britain's National Health Service fails to drive out the private sector because it suffers from certain inflexibilities. Here, we show that longer waiting lists for NHS treatment are associated with greater purchases of private health insurance. (C) 1999 Elsevier Sc...
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作者：Dee, TS
作者单位：University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology
摘要：This empirical study evaluates the policy responsiveness of teen drinking in models that can condition on the unobserved state-specific attributes that may have biased conventional evaluations. The results demonstrate that cross-state heterogeneity can be important and that beer taxes have relatively small and statistically insignificant effects on teen drinking. Models of youth traffic fatalities also indicate that the conventional beer tax elasticities are not robust to additional controls f...
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作者：Cutler, DM; Elmendorf, DW; Zeckhauser, R
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Federal Reserve System - USA; Harvard University
摘要：Proposition 2 1/2, a ballot initiative passed in Massachusetts in 1980, sharply reduced local property taxes. We examine why voters supported Proposition 2 1/2, using data on votes for the Proposition and for overrides of it a decade later. We find two reasons for the Proposition's support: people perceived agency losses from the difficulty of monitoring government, and people judged government to be inefficient because their tax burden was high. By the 1990s, people either regretted the sever...
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作者：Hamermesh, DS; Scoones, WD
作者单位：University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Victoria
摘要：In many federal systems a higher authority imposes changes that may alter lower-level policies, depending on the type of change and differences among lower-level parties. For example, we model changes in the parameters of American states' unemployment insurance (UI) systems when the federal government raises the UI tax ceiling. Bargaining among interested parties alters UI benefits and taxes. We estimate a 'difference-in-differences' model describing UI tax payments when federal increases in 1...
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作者：Martin, P
作者单位：Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole des Ponts ParisTech
摘要：This paper constructs a two-region endogenous growth model where industrial location and public infrastructures play a key role. The model analyzes the contribution of different types of public policies on growth, economic geography and spatial income distribution. It implies that an improvement in infrastructures that reduces transaction costs inside the poorest region decreases both the spatial concentration of industries, and the growth rate, and increases the income gap between the two reg...
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作者：Desai, MA; Hines, JR
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper examines the impact of the U.S. Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA) on international joint ventures by American firms. The TRA mandates the use of separate baskets in calculating foreign tax credits on dividends received from each foreign corporation owned 50% or less by Americans - which greatly reduces the attractiveness of joint ventures, especially those in low-tax foreign countries. Since the effect of the TRA on joint ventures varies with foreign tax rates, the country-level pattern ...
