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作者：Carey, John
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作者：Melissa, Matthew J.; Desai, Michael M.
作者单位：Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University; National Science Foundation (NSF); Harvard University
摘要：Natural selection makes evolutionary adaptation possible even if the overwhelming majority of new mutations are deleterious. However, in rapidly evolving populations where numerous linked mutations occur and segregate simultaneously, clonal interference and genetic hitchhiking can limit the efficiency of selection, allowing deleterious mutations to accumulate over time. This can in principle overwhelm the fitness increases provided by beneficial mutations, leading to an overall fitness decline...
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作者：Wang, Qingzhen; Liu, Bin; Wang, Shujie; Zhang, Peng; Wang, Tuo; Gong, Jinlong
作者单位：Tianjin University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering Tianjin; Nankai University; Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations; Tianjin University; TJU-NUS Joint Institute
摘要：Photoelectrochemical (PEC) carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction (CO2R) holds the potential to reduce the costs of solar fuel production by integrating CO2 utilization and light harvesting within one integrated device. However, the CO2R selectivity on the photocathode is limited by the lack of catalytic active sites and competition with the hydrogen evolution reaction. On the other hand, serious parasitic light absorption occurs on the front- side-illuminated photocathode due to the poor light transm...
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作者：Dyballa, Luciano; Rudzite, Andra M.; Hoseini, Mahmood S.; Thapa, Mishek; Stryker, Michael P.; Field, Greg D.; Zucker, Steven W.
作者单位：Yale University; Duke University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Yale University
摘要：The retina and primary visual cortex (V1) both exhibit diverse neural populations sensitive to diverse visual features. Yet it remains unclear how neural populations in each area partition stimulus space to span these features. One possibility is that neural populations are organized into discrete groups of neurons, with each group signaling a particular constellation of features. Alternatively, neurons could be continuously distributed across feature-encoding space. To distinguish these possi...
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作者：Feng, Jue; Jang, Geunhyo; Esteva, Eduardo; Adams, Nicholas M.; Jin, Hua; Reizis, Boris
作者单位：New York University; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York University
摘要：The hierarchical model of hematopoiesis posits that self- renewing, multipotent hemato-poietic stem cells (HSCs) give rise to all blood cell lineages. While this model accounts for hematopoiesis in transplant settings, its applicability to steady- state hematopoiesis remains to be clarified. Here, we used inducible clonal DNA barcoding of endogenous adult HSCs to trace their contribution to major hematopoietic cell lineages in unma-nipulated animals. While the majority of barcodes were unique ...
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作者：Lewis, Kim
作者单位：Northeastern University
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作者：Liu, Xiaolin; Tachiyama, Shoichi; Zhou, Xiaotian; Mathias, Rommel A.; Bonny, Sharmin Q.; Khan, Mohammad F.; Xin, Yue; Roujeinikova, Anna; Liu, Jun; Ottemann, Karen M.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Yale University; Yale University; Monash University; Monash University
摘要：Bacterial flagella and type IV pili (TFP) are surface appendages that enable motility and mechanosensing through distinct mechanisms. These structures were previously thought to have no components in common. Here, we report that TFP and some flagella share proteins PilO, PilN, and PilM, which we identified as part of the Helicobacter pylori flagellar motor. H. pylori mutants lacking PilO or PilN migrated better than wild type in semisolid agar because they continued swimming rather than aggreg...
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作者：Greenspoon, Lior; Rosenberg, Yuval; Meiri, Shai; Roll, Uri; Noor, Elad; Milo, Ron
作者单位：Weizmann Institute of Science; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv University; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
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作者：Lu, Jing; Liu, Xue; Li, Xinghua; Li, Hongyan; Shi, Liwa; Xia, Xin; He, Bai-liang; Meyer, Thomas F.; Li, Xiaofeng; Sun, Hongzhe; Yang, Xinming
作者单位：Sun Yat Sen University; Sun Yat Sen University; University of Hong Kong; Sun Yat Sen University; Sun Yat Sen University; University of Hong Kong; Max Planck Society; University of Kiel; Schleswig Holstein University Hospital
摘要：Copper is an essential trace element for the human body, and its requirement for optimistic immune functions has been recognized for decades. How copper is involved in the innate immune pathway, however, remains to be clarified. Here, we report that copper serves as a signal molecule to regulate the kinase activity of alpha-kinase 1 (ALPK1), a cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor (PRR), and therefore promotes host cell defense against bacterial infection. We show that in response to infectio...
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作者：Sun, Yang; Mendelev, Mikhail I.; Zhang, Feng; Liu, Xun; Da, Bo; Wang, Cai-Zhuang; Wentzcovitch, Renata M.; Ho, Kai-Ming
作者单位：Xiamen University; Columbia University; Iowa State University; National Institute for Materials Science; Columbia University; Columbia University; Columbia University; Simons Foundation; Flatiron Institute
摘要：Ni is the second most abundant element in the Earth's core. Yet, its effects on the inner core's structure and formation process are usually disregarded because of its electronic and size similarity with Fe. Using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, we find that the bcc phase can spontaneously crystallize in liquid Ni at temperatures above Fe's melting point at inner core pressures. The melting temperature of Ni is shown to be 700 to 800 K higher than that of Fe at 323 to 360 GPa. hcp, b...
