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作者：Callaway, Ewen
摘要：Vittrup Man, who died in his thirties, was a Scandinavian wanderer who settled down between 3300 and 3100 bc.
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作者：Wang, Jason Y.; Stevens, Jason M.; Kariofillis, Stavros K.; Tom, Mai-Jan; Golden, Dung L.; Li, Jun; Tabora, Jose E.; Parasram, Marvin; Shields, Benjamin J.; Primer, David N.; Hao, Bo; Del Valle, David; Disomma, Stacey; Furman, Ariel; Zipp, G. Greg; Melnikov, Sergey; Paulson, James; Doyle, Abigail G.
作者单位：Princeton University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Johnson & Johnson; Janssen Pharmaceuticals; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Columbia University; New York University; Bristol-Myers Squibb
摘要：Reaction conditions that are generally applicable to a wide variety of substrates are highly desired, especially in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries1-6. Although many approaches are available to evaluate the general applicability of developed conditions, a universal approach to efficiently discover these conditions during optimizations is rare. Here we report the design, implementation and application of reinforcement learning bandit optimization models7-10 to identify generally appl...
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作者：Nascimento, Marcos Assis; Biagiotti, Sean; Herranz-Perez, Vicente; Santiago, Samara; Bueno, Raymund; Ye, Chun J.; Abel, Taylor J.; Zhang, Zhuangzhi; Rubio-Moll, Juan S.; Kriegstein, Arnold R.; Yang, Zhengang; Garcia-Verdugo, Jose Manuel; Huang, Eric J.; Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo; Sorrells, Shawn F.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; University of Valencia; CIBERNED; University of Valencia; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI); Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Fudan University; Fudan University; Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
摘要：The temporal lobe of the human brain contains the entorhinal cortex (EC). This region of the brain is a highly interconnected integrative hub for sensory and spatial information; it also has a key role in episodic memory formation and is the main source of cortical hippocampal inputs1-4. The human EC continues to develop during childhood5, but neurogenesis and neuronal migration to the EC are widely considered to be complete by birth. Here we show that the human temporal lobe contains many you...
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作者：Lane, Nick; Xavier, Joana C.
作者单位：University of London; University College London; Imperial College London
摘要：Explaining isolated steps on the road from simple chemicals to complex living organisms is not enough. Looking at the big picture could help to bridge rifts in this fractured research field.
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作者：Xia, Bo; Zhang, Weimin; Zhao, Guisheng; Zhang, Xinru; Bai, Jiangshan; Brosh, Ran; Wudzinska, Aleksandra; Huang, Emily; Ashe, Hannah; Ellis, Gwen; Pour, Maayan; Zhao, Yu; Coelho, Camila; Zhu, Yinan; Miller, Alexander; Dasen, Jeremy S.; Maurano, Matthew T.; Kim, Sang Y.; Boeke, Jef D.; Yanai, Itai
作者单位：NYU Langone Medical Center; NYU Langone Medical Center; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; NYU Langone Medical Center; NYU Langone Medical Center; NYU Langone Medical Center; New York University; New York University Tandon School of Engineering
摘要：The loss of the tail is among the most notable anatomical changes to have occurred along the evolutionary lineage leading to humans and to the 'anthropomorphous apes'1-3, with a proposed role in contributing to human bipedalism4-6. Yet, the genetic mechanism that facilitated tail-loss evolution in hominoids remains unknown. Here we present evidence that an individual insertion of an Alu element in the genome of the hominoid ancestor may have contributed to tail-loss evolution. We demonstrate t...
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作者：Ishikawa, Masaki; Hasanali, Zainul S.; Zhao, Yongge; Das, Arundhoti; Lavaert, Marieke; Roman, Carly J.; Londregan, Jennifer; Allman, David; Bhandoola, Avinash
作者单位：National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
摘要：Plasma cells produce large quantities of antibodies and so play essential roles in immune protection1. Plasma cells, including a long-lived subset, reside in the bone marrow where they depend on poorly defined microenvironment-linked survival signals1. We show that bone marrow plasma cells use the ligand-gated purinergic ion channel P2RX4 to sense extracellular ATP released by bone marrow osteoblasts through the gap-junction protein pannexin 3 (PANX3). Mutation of Panx3 or P2rx4 each caused de...
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作者：McKenna, Maryn
摘要：Effective, affordable antimicrobial drugs aren't moneymakers, despite being desperately needed. Can non-profit organizations pick up the slack?
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作者：Efimov, Igor R.
摘要：Snippets from Nature's past.
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作者：Drew, David; Boudker, Olga
作者单位：Stockholm University; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine
摘要：Transporting small molecules across cell membranes is an essential process in cell physiology. Many structurally diverse, secondary active transporters harness transmembrane electrochemical gradients of ions to power the uptake or efflux of nutrients, signalling molecules, drugs and other ions across cell membranes. Transporters reside in lipid bilayers on the interface between two aqueous compartments, where they are energized and regulated by symported, antiported and allosteric ions on both...
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作者：Silverstein, Shana E.; O'Sullivan, Ruairi; Bukalo, Olena; Pati, Dipanwita; Schaffer, Julia A.; Limoges, Aaron; Zsembik, Leo; Yoshida, Takayuki; O'Malley, John J.; Paletzki, Ronald F.; Lieberman, Abby G.; Nonaka, Mio; Deisseroth, Karl; Gerfen, Charles R.; Penzo, Mario A.; Kash, Thomas L.; Holmes, Andrew
作者单位：National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism (NIAAA); University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
摘要：Animals can learn about sources of danger while minimizing their own risk by observing how others respond to threats. However, the distinct neural mechanisms by which threats are learned through social observation (known as observational fear learning1-4 (OFL)) to generate behavioural responses specific to such threats remain poorly understood. The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) performs several key functions that may underlie OFL, including processing of social information and disambig...
