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作者：Gong, Binlei; Shen, Yuhui; Chen, Shuai
作者单位：Zhejiang University; Zhejiang University
摘要：GDP manipulation is a prevalent form of hidden action, often arising from the principal-agent problem. Utilizing Bunching Estimation within an innovative ratio form approach, this study identifies and quantifies target-based GDP manipulation. Our empirical analysis offers evidence of such manipulation at the prefectural level in China to meet predetermined targets. However, China's target-based GDP manipulation is diminishing over time. Furthermore, the findings suggest that reducing the weigh...
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作者：Costa, Francisco; Szerman, Dimitri; Assuncao, Juliano
作者单位：Getulio Vargas Foundation; Amazon.com
摘要：This paper estimates the impacts often recently built hydroelectric power plants in the Brazilian Amazon on deforestation. Using the inventory of all sites with undeveloped hydropower potential, we apply the synthetic control method to estimate the causal impact of each power plant on forest loss. Overall, the construction of the ten plants contributed to 13 percent of the observed forest loss within a 50-kilometer radius of the construction site. Notably, this impact is solely attributed to f...
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作者：Goodman, Lucas; Lim, Katherine; Sacerdote, Bruce; Whitten, Andrew
作者单位：United States Department of the Treasury; Dartmouth College
摘要：We measure the responses of businesses and their owners to Section 199A, a deduction that reduced the effective tax rate on most U.S. pass-through business income beginning in 2018. Using tax records of individuals and businesses, we compare taxpayers with exogenously differing levels of exposure to the deduction, exploiting limitations within the statute. We find evidence of a 3 to 4 percent increase in reported business income eligible for the deduction during 2018 and 2019 for the more-expo...
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作者：Sturrock, David; Groot, Stefan; Mohlmann, Jan
作者单位：University of London; University College London; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy
摘要：We show that gifts made to heirs before death are substantial and highly responsive to taxation. Using intergenerationally-linked administrative data from the Netherlands and exploiting variation in the timing of death, we find that single people (including widows) with children transfer around 10 % of their wealth to their children in anticipation of death. This is almost entirely in the form of tax-exempt gifts. Exploiting bunching at kink points in the gift tax schedule and a reform to inhe...
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作者：Estefan, Alejandro; Ordonez, Romina
作者单位：University of Notre Dame; Inter-American Development Bank
摘要：Using survey data and administrative records from franchise stores of a multinational company operating in Guatemala's food retail sector, we document stylized empirical facts about extortion of low-income microentrepreneurs and the protective impact of security cameras. Extortion curtails market entry, increases exit, and lowers economic competition. Security cameras reduce exit and improve competition. To rationalize these findings, we propose a standard model of industry dynamics in which w...
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作者：Coe, Norma B.; Rosenkranz, David A.
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; Fordham University
摘要：Combining capitation with a cap on health care providers' average revenue can reduce allocative inefficiency. But the cap may be undercut by health care providers who churn their patient censuses. We investigate this possibility in the U.S. hospice industry, where Medicare pays hospice programs fixed daily rates but caps their average annual revenue. By leveraging variation generated by the cap's nonlinear design and the transition between fiscal years, we find that programs on track to exceed...
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作者：Arya, Yatish; Bhatiya, Apurav Yash
作者单位：Ashoka University; University of Birmingham
摘要：Does exposure to conflict harm the electoral prospects of the incumbent government or generate a rally around the flag effect? Additionally, what role do politicians and media play in converting conflict exposure into votes? Using exogenous variation in conflict exposure in the home constituencies of deceased soldiers in India and a difference-in-differences regression, we find an increase in incumbent vote share in these constituencies, indicating a significant rally around the flag effect. O...
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作者：Lin, Yatang; Kassem, Dana
作者单位：Hong Kong University of Science & Technology; Hong Kong University of Science & Technology
摘要：This paper examines an overlooked consequence of an unstable electricity supply: air pollution. Using a unique dataset with high-frequency records of outage events and pollution, we find that outages lead to a 0.4% and 1.3% increase in hourly NO2 and NO concentrations and a 0.4% increase in PM10 levels. This is likely attributable to the widespread use of highly polluting backup diesel generators. The environmental cost of outages exceeds the private cost for users when backup generators are a...
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作者：Foerster, Manuel; Habermacher, Daniel
作者单位：University of Bielefeld; Universidad de los Andes - Chile
摘要：We investigate Bertrand competition between experts in a policy-advising market. A policy-maker can either hire one of the experts or take the policy decision himself. The experts differ in policy competence and preferences and may either charge a fee or offer lobbying contributions. In equilibrium, the hired expert charges a fee if she has high policy competence and policy preferences are roughly aligned. Otherwise, the expert pays contributions-and thus acts as a lobbyist instead of as an ad...
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作者：Massenkoff, Maxim; Wilmers, Nathan
作者单位：United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; Naval Postgraduate School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
摘要：We use location data to study cross-class encounters. Low-income and especially high-income individuals are socially isolated: they are more likely than other income groups to encounter people from their own class. Counterfactual exercises suggest this is explained largely by residential segregation and firms. Among firms, casual restaurants make the largest positive contribution to cross-class encounters through both scale and their diversity of visitors. Dollar stores and libraries isolate v...
