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作者：Chadi, Adrian; Hoffmann, Manuel
作者单位：University of Southampton; University of California System; University of California Irvine
摘要：While watching television is one of the most time-consuming human activities, its potential negative effects on well-being are discussed in the literature as a prime example of irrational behavior. We are the first to comprehensively address this possible paradox by exploiting a novel setting in the research on the effects of television for society: a natural experiment in the late 1980s where people in a few geographically restricted areas of West Germany received commercial TV via terrestria...
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作者：Liu, Zhihan; Mahler, Amy C.
作者单位：University of Southern California; RAND Corporation
摘要：The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to effective legal representation for all defendants, regardless of income. In practice, this constitutional promise depends critically on the working conditions of the public de fenders who represent low-income clients. This paper examines how the workloads public defenders face affect the outcomes of the cases they handle. Using the universe of public defense case records from two U.S. states and quasi-random variation in workloads induced by strict c...
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作者：Dinarte-Diaz, Lelys; Ravindran, Saravana; Shah, Manisha; Powers, Shawn; Baker-Henningham, Helen
作者单位：The World Bank; National University of Singapore; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; The World Bank; University West Indies Mona Jamaica; Bangor University
摘要：Approximately 75% of children aged 2 to 4 worldwide are regularly subjected to violent discipline. We study the impact of a digitally delivered intervention on positive parenting practices in Jamaica using a randomized controlled trial. Results show that the intervention improves caregiver knowledge (0.52 SD), attitudes toward violence (0.2 SD), and reduces caregiver violence against children (0.12 SD). Treatment children experience fewer emotional problems (0.17 SD). We also find reductions i...
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作者：Einav, Liran; Finkelstein, Amy
作者单位：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：What is the optimal path of Social Security benefits for an individual who has retired with a stock of wealth, faces stochastic mortality, and has no access to annuities and no preferences for bequests? It is a deferred annuity in which the government annuity pays out zero for some periods and a constant amount after that. The optimal length of the deferral period increases with the retiree's initial wealth and their survival probability.
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作者：Campo, Francesco; Giunti, Sara; Mendola, Mariapia; Tura, Giulia
作者单位：University of Padua; University of Milan; University of Milano-Bicocca; Luiss Guido Carli University
摘要：The 2015 refugee crisis in Europe has fueled anti-immigrant sentiment in host regions, with potential unintended consequences for refugee integration. We examine the heterogeneity of political backlash across Italian municipalities post-crisis and assess the concomitant role of economic vs socio-cultural factors in welcoming refugees (i.e., the supply side of integration). By leveraging the quasi-random dispersal policy and using causal forests, we find that refugee exposure has a significantl...
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作者：Aslim, Erkmen G.; Fu, Wei; Tekin, Erdal; You, Shijun
作者单位：University of Vermont; University of Louisville; American University; IZA Institute Labor Economics; University of International Business & Economics
摘要：This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on food insufficiency in the United States, using data from the Household Pulse Survey. Our primary research design exploits variation in vaccine eligibility across states over time as an instrumental variable to address the endogeneity of vaccination decision. We find that vaccination had a substantial impact on food hardship by reducing the likelihood of food insufficiency by 24%, with even stronger effects among minority and financially...
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作者：Parolin, Zachary; Lehner, Lukas; Wilmers, Nathan
作者单位：Bocconi University; University of Edinburgh; Vienna University of Economics & Business; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
摘要：From 2010 to 2019, personal earnings inequality declined in the United States (U.S.) for the first time in decades, yet household income inequality continued to increase. Discordance between the inequality trends reached its highest rate in recent history. We introduce a framework to decompose differences in inequality trends. We find that 46% of post-2010 discordance in inequality trends is due to changing household composition, namely a larger share of young workers living with their parents...
