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作者：Lee, Jean N.; Mahmud, Mahreen; Morduch, Jonathan; Ravindran, Saravana; Shonchoy, Abu S.
作者单位：The World Bank; University of Exeter; New York University; National University of Singapore; State University System of Florida; Florida International University
摘要：The initial spread of COVID-19 halted economic activity as countries around the world restricted the mobility of their citizens. As a result, many migrant workers returned home, spreading the virus across borders. We investigate the relationship between migrant movements and the spread of COVID-19 using district-day-level data from Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan (the 1st, 6th, and 7th largest sources of international migrant workers). We find that during the initial stage of the pandemic, a 1...
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作者：Clemens, Jeffrey; Veuger, Stan
作者单位：University of California System; University of California San Diego; American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; National Bureau of Economic Research; Harvard University; Tilburg University
摘要：COVID-19 relief legislation offers a unique setting to study how political representation shapes the dis-tribution of federal assistance to state and local governments. We provide evidence of a substantial small-state bias: an additional Senator or Representative per million residents predicts an additional 670 dollars in aid per capita across the four relief packages. Alignment with the Democratic party predicts increases in states' allocations through legislation designed after the January 2...
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作者：Xu, Huayu
作者单位：Peking University; Peking University
摘要：This paper studies the long-term health and economic consequences of China's Household Responsibility System (HRS) reform-a property reform that assigned collectively owned farmland to individual households with secure tenures and boosted labor productivity among rural populations. Using regional variation in reform timing and pace, I provide evidence that early-life exposure to HRS improved individuals' later-life health, education, and labor market outcomes. However, exposure to HRS at criti...
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作者：Cao, Jing; Ho, Mun S.; Ma, Rong; Teng, Fei
作者单位：Tsinghua University; Resources for the Future; Beihang University; Tsinghua University
摘要：This paper provides retrospective firm-level evidence on the effectiveness of China's carbon market pilots in reducing emissions in the electricity sector. We show that the carbon emission trading system (ETS) has no effect on changing coal efficiency of regulated coal-fired power plants. Although we find a significant reduction in coal consumption associated with ETS participation, this reduction was achieved by reducing electricity production. The output contraction in the treated plants is ...
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作者：Cicala, Steve
作者单位：Tufts University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper uses monthly zip code-level data on electricity disconnections in Illinois to document the socioeconomic correlates of extreme economic distress among 5 million customers. In 2018-2019, cus-tomers in Black and Hispanic zip codes were about 4 times more likely to be disconnected for non-payment, 2-3 times more likely to be on deferred payment plans, and 70% more likely to participate in utility-based low-income assistance programs, controlling for zip code distributions of income and...
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作者：Bisin, Alberto; Gottardi, Piero
作者单位：New York University; University of Essex; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK
摘要：In the context of an epidemic, a society is forced to face a system of externalities in consumption and in production. Command economy interventions can support efficient allocations at the cost of severe infor-mation requirements. Competitive markets for infection rights (alternatively, Pigouvian taxes) can guar-antee efficiency without requiring direct policy interventions on socio-economic activities. We demonstrate that this is the case also with moral hazard, when the infections cannot be...
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作者：Carey, Colleen; Lieber, Ethan M. J.; Miller, Sarah
作者单位：Cornell University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Notre Dame; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
摘要：In a pervasive but controversial practice, drug firms frequently make monetary or in-kind payments to physicians in the course of promoting prescription drugs. We use a federal database on the universe of such payments between 2013 and 2015 linked to prescribing behavior in Medicare Part D. We account for the targeting of payments with fixed effects for each physician-drug combination. In an event study, we show that physicians increase prescribing of drugs for which they receive payments in t...
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作者：Egorov, Georgy; Enikolopov, Ruben; Makarin, Alexey; Petrova, Maria
作者单位：Northwestern University; National Bureau of Economic Research; ICREA; Pompeu Fabra University; Barcelona School of Economics; Barcelona School of Economics; ICREA; Pompeu Fabra University
摘要：Homogeneous societies usually provide more public goods. Voluntary social distancing in a pandemic is also a public good, but it has private benefits, too. Theoretically, we show that presence of population groups with different rationales for social distancing can lead to stricter observance of social distancing in more diverse societies. Empirically, we find that mobility reduction following the first local COVID-19 case was stronger in Russian cities with higher ethnic fractionalization and...
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作者：Green, Daniel; Loualiche, Erik
作者单位：Harvard University; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
摘要：Local governments are facing large losses in revenues and increased expenditures because of the COVID-19 crisis. We document a causal relationship between fiscal pressures induced by COVID-19 and the layoffs of state and local government workers. States that depend more on sales tax as a source of revenue laid off significantly more workers than other states. The CARES Act's provision of $150 billion in aid to state and local governments reduced the fiscal pressures they faced. Exploiting a ki...
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作者：Morales, Juan S.
作者单位：Collegio Carlo Alberto; University of Turin
摘要：This paper studies how politicians and their constituents respond to political violence by investigating the Colombian civil conflict. I use data on rebel attacks, legislators' tweets, and roll-call votes, and I employ event-study and difference-in-differences empirical methods. After rebel attacks, Twitter engagement (as a proxy for popular support) increased both for incumbent-party legislators' tweets and for legislators' tweets using hard-line language. Legislators increased their support ...
