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作者：Evans, William N.; Garthwaite, Craig; Moore, Timothy J.
作者单位：University of Notre Dame; National Bureau of Economic Research; Northwestern University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Purdue University System; Purdue University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：The violence associated with crack cocaine markets in the 1980s and 1990s has repercussions today. Using cross-city variation in when crack cocaine arrived and an older comparison group, we estimate that the US murder rate of black males aged 15-24 was still 70 percent higher 17 years after crack markets had emerged. Using the fraction of gun-related suicides as a proxy for gun availability, we find that increased access to guns led to persistently higher murder rates. Our estimates imply that...
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作者：Londono-Velez, Juliana
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
摘要：Does diversity affect people's perceptions of income distribution and their preferences for redistribution? I leverage variation from a Colombian financial aid reform boosting the share of low-income students at an elite university. Combining college records and original survey data, I study how diversity affects high-income students' social networks, perceptions, and preferences by exploiting treatment variation across cohorts and majors using difference-in-differences. Exposure to low-income...
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作者：Fox, William F.; Hargaden, Enda Patrick; Luna, LeAnn
作者单位：Ollscoil na Gaillimhe-University of Galway; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville
摘要：This paper studies the compliance, pricing, and progressivity effects of changing statutory incidence. The Wayfair Supreme Court decision granted U.S. states new authority to shift the statutory incidence of tax-ation from consumers to online and out-of-state retailers, forcing supply-side remittance of the sales tax. With state-level data, we find this increased sales tax revenues by 7.9 percent, concentrated in states with stringent compliance standards. With barcode-level scanner data, we f...
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作者：Ferman, Bruno; Fontes, Luiz Felipe
作者单位：Getulio Vargas Foundation
摘要：This paper tests whether teachers unequally evaluate students based on their classroom behavior, rather than their scholastic competence. Evidence is drawn from a unique dataset on students from Brazil, which allows us to contrast teacher-and blindly-assigned scores on achievement tests that are high -stakes and cover the same material. We find that teachers inflate test scores of better-behaved students, and deduct points from worse-behaved ones. We also find that teachers' decision to promot...
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作者：Heap, Shaun P. Hargreaves; Manifold, Emma; Matakos, Konstantinos; Xefteris, Dimitrios
作者单位：University of London; King's College London; University of Warwick; University of Cyprus
摘要：We test in the laboratory four mechanisms whereby group identification might affect redistribution in representative democracies. For voters, group identification can give rise to a preference for own -group payoffs, for electing an own-group candidate, and could be used to assess candidate-sincerity. For candidates, identity might affect the optimal campaign platform. There is evidence to support all four. Our key contribution comes from bringing the candidate supply of redistribution policie...
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作者：Mavrokonstantis, Panos; Seibold, Arthur
作者单位：University of Mannheim
摘要：We study adjustment costs in behavioral responses to income taxation, exploiting tax reforms that create and subsequently eliminate income tax kinks in Cyprus. Reduced-form evidence reveals substantial adjustment frictions attenuating bunching and de-bunching responses. Combining the empirical bunch-ing moments with a structural model of frictional earnings supply, adjustment costs are estimated between EUR 93 and EUR 238 for wage earners. Moreover, we uncover important asymmetries in adjust-m...
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作者：Liscow, Zachary; Fox, Edward
作者单位：Yale University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
摘要：We conduct the first survey experiment to understand public attitudes about the realization rule for cap-ital gains. This rule requires that assets usually must be sold before gains on them are taxed and thus makes taxing capital income much harder. We have three main findings. First, respondents strongly pre-fer to wait to tax gains on stocks until sale: 75% to 25%. But the flip side is that there is surprisingly strong support for taxing gains on assets at sale or transfer, including at deat...
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作者：Shi, Ying; Hartley, Daniel; Mazumder, Bhash; Rajan, Aastha
作者单位：Syracuse University; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Chicago; Northwestern University
摘要：The Great Migration significantly increased the number of African American people moving to northern and western cities beginning in the first half of the twentieth century. We show that their arrival shaped slum clearance and urban redevelopment efforts in receiving cities. To estimate the effect of migrants, we instrument for Black population changes using a shift-share instrument that interacts historical migration patterns with local economic shocks that predict Black out-migration from th...
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作者：Camargo, Braz; Stein, Guilherme
作者单位：Getulio Vargas Foundation
摘要：We develop a model of voting to show how credit constraints affect a society's demand for government spending on human capital policies, namely, policies that increase the returns to human capital investments. The main result of the model is that a reduction in credit constraints can increase the share of government spending on such policies, with a greater increase in poorer societies. We also provide suggestive cross-country evidence in support of our model by showing that the share of gover...
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作者：Sheremirov, Viacheslav; Spirovska, Sandra
作者单位：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Boston; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
摘要：This paper provides new evidence on the effects of government spending on output from a large panel of advanced and developing countries. We identify government spending shocks using variation in international military spending. We estimate a one-year fiscal multiplier, pooled across all countries in the sample, in the vicinity of 0.8. The pooled cumulative multiplier reaches its peak at 0.86 two years after the shock. We find substantial heterogeneity across economic environments as well as a...
