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作者：Gruber, J
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：The economic argument for subsidizing charitable giving relies on the positive externalities of charitable activities, particularly from the religious institutions that are the largest recipients of giving. But the net external effects of subsidies to religious giving will also depend on a potentially important indirect effect as well: impacts on religious participation. Religious participation can be either a complement to, or a substitute with, the level of charitable giving. Understanding t...
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作者：McMillan, R
作者单位：University of Toronto
摘要：When competition increases, it is often presumed that public schools will be forced to become more efficient. This paper challenges that presumption, showing that in well-defined circumstances, rent-seeking public schools find it optimal to reduce productivity when a voucher is introduced. This occurs for incentive reasons alone. More generally, the productivity effects of vouchers are shown to be non-uniform, varying systematically according to the distribution of households and the form the ...
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作者：Borjas, GJ
作者单位：Harvard University
摘要：This paper examines if welfare programs reduce the probability that vulnerable households experience food deprivation because of financial constraints. Although the 1996 welfare reform legislation specifically limited the eligibility of immigrant households to receive assistance, many states chose to protect their immigrant populations by offering state-funded aid to these groups. I exploit these changes in eligibility rules to examine the link between food insecurity and public assistance. Th...
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作者：De Donder, P; Hindriks, J
作者单位：Universite Catholique Louvain; Universite de Toulouse; Universite de Toulouse; University of London; Queen Mary University London
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作者：Tyran, JR
作者单位：University of St Gallen
摘要：Moral considerations may matter much in voting because the costs of expressing support for a morally worthy cause may be low in a referendum. These costs depend on whether a voter expects to affect the outcome of the referendum. To test the low-cost theory of expressive voting, we experimentally investigate a proposal to tax everyone and to donate tax revenues. The analysis of expectations and voting decisions shows that the low-cost theory fails to explain voting decisions. Instead, we find t...
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作者：Sorensen, PB
作者单位：University of Copenhagen; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut
摘要：Tax competition for mobile capital can undermine the attempts of governments to redistribute income from rich to poor. I study whether international tax coordination can alleviate this problem, using a general equilibrium model synthesizing recent contributions to the tax competition literature. The model highlights the crucial distinction between global tax coordination and regional coordination. With high capital mobility between the tax union and the rest of the world, the welfare gain from...
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作者：Low, H; Maldoom, D
作者单位：University of Cambridge
摘要：This paper analyses optimal income taxation as a trade-off between the incentive effects of increased uncertainty and the welfare benefits of social insurance. Greater prudence increases labour supply because of precautionary incentive effects which reduce the progressivity of the optimal income tax schedule. Increased uncertainty increases progressivity of the income tax schedule because of a greater value of social insurance. Optimal tax progressivity depends on the ratio of prudence to risk...
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作者：Shapiro, J
作者单位：Pompeu Fabra University
摘要：A new model of wage dispersion is used to examine welfare aspects of income taxation. The model retains the dynamics of wage posting models while exogenizing search effort, therefore allowing more insight into policy issues. The results highlight effects that standard analyses do not take into account. The optimal income tax should depend on an incidence effect between workers and firms. This incidence effect arises from firms trying to lower wages as much as possible. An employment tax proves...
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作者：Jensen, RT; Richter, K
作者单位：Harvard University; The World Bank; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We explore whether health is vulnerable to income shocks, focusing on a recent crisis in Russia during which many pensioners were not paid for an extended period of time. Using panel data spanning the crisis, we find that among affected pensioners, poverty rates doubled, and the intake of calories and protein and the use of health services and medications declined significantly. These pensioners were also 5 percent more likely to die in the two years following the crisis. However, households r...
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作者：Ma, CTA
作者单位：Boston University; Hong Kong University of Science & Technology
摘要：This paper considers a public provider's strategic use of rationing in a market served by both public and private providers. Such a 'mixed' market structure is common in many industries such as health care, telecommunication, postal service, and public utilities. The technology in the private sector exhibits increasing returns: each firm can expend 'effort' in the form of fixed cost to reduce the marginal cost. Firms in the contestable private sector compete and the market equilibrium is chara...
