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作者：Clarke, GRG; Xu, LC
作者单位：The World Bank; Peking University
摘要：Using enterprise-level data on bribes paid to utilities in 21 transition economies in eastern Europe and central Asia, we examine how characteristics of the utilities taking bribes and the firms paying bribes affect corruption in the sector. Bribe takers (utility employees) are more likely to take bribes in countries with greater constraints on utility capacity, lower levels of competition in the utility sector, and where utilities are state-owned. Bribe payers (enterprises) are more likely to...
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作者：Klein, P
作者单位：Simon Fraser University
摘要：This paper analyses the effect of investors' accrued capital gains on optimal portfolio composition and equilibrium returns under the assumption that investors are able to re-balance with perfect substitute securities. No-dominance arguments are used to show that pricing differences because of accrued capital gains do not arise among securities which are perfect substitutes. These arguments are insufficient, however, to prevent pricing differences because of accrued capital gains among securit...
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作者：Aizer, A
作者单位：Princeton University
摘要：As female participation in the labor force continues to grow in the US, so too does reliance on non-parental child care. However, the high cost of child care has impeded the ability of many working mothers to find sufficient child care for their children. As a result, as recently as 1998 over eight million children ages five to 14 spent time without adult supervision on a regular basis in the US. I examine the effect of the lack of adult supervision after school on a panel of school-age childr...
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作者：Duranton, G; Haniotis, T
作者单位：University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：This paper develops a general equilibrium theory of endogenous firm and class formation under non-contractibility with heterogeneous individuals. A collectivist economy, a private-ownership economy, and a mixed economy are compared on the basis of identical economic fundamentals (methodological symmetry). Each economic system generates specific inefficiencies so that none dominates the others in general. The main trade-off is between the welfare loss associated with risk-taking in the private-...
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作者：Stephens, M Jr; Ward-Batts, J
作者单位：Claremont Colleges; Claremont Graduate University; Claremont McKenna College; Carnegie Mellon University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：The income tax system in the United Kingdom moved from joint to independent taxation of husbands' and wives' income in 1990. One interesting aspect of independent taxation is the ability for households to choose the division of household assets between the two spouses. This tax reform, therefore, creates an opportunity for households to engage in a form of tax avoidance by shifting their investment income to the spouse with the lower marginal tax rate. We use Family Expenditure Survey (FES) da...
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作者：Bilodeau, M; Gravel, N
作者单位：Indiana University System; Indiana University Indianapolis; Universite Paul-Valery; Universite de Montpellier
摘要：We examine, both in general games in strategic form and in games of voluntary provision of a public good, some implications of the assumption that individuals may obey ethical codes of conduct. The notion of morality considered captures the intuition (often attributed to Kant) that a moral action leads to the best outcome when it is properly universalized. We propose a formalization of this idea which generalizes earlier attempts made in this direction in the literature by allowing the players...
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作者：Kalaitzidakis, P; Kalyvitis, S
作者单位：University of Crete; Athens University of Economics & Business
摘要：An infrastructure-led growth model is constructed where the durability of public capital is endogenous and varies according to its usage and the level of maintenance expenditure. Policy changes in total expenditures and the maintenance share are shown to be important for the steady state and the dynamic behavior of the economy. The optimal (growth-maximizing) taxation burden which goes to both 'new' investment and maintenance expenditure is, in contrast to standard results from other growth mo...
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作者：Redoano, M; Scharf, KA
作者单位：University of Warwick; University of Warwick; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; University of Warwick
摘要：This paper analyzes policy centralization outcomes in a two-jurisdiction model of public good provision choices with heterogeneous policy preferences and intedurisdictional policy spillovers under two alternative political procedures, direct referendum and representative democracy. We show that policy centralization is more likely to occur if the choice to centralize is made by elected policyrnakers rather than by referendum. In these situations, centralized policies converge to the preferred ...
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作者：Naito, H
作者单位：University of Osaka; University of California System; University of California Irvine
摘要：Recently, several papers have reexamined the so-called production efficiency theorem and the Atkinson and Stiglitz theorem on commodity taxes in the optimal taxation literature. Naito [J. Public Econ. 71 (1999) 65] showed that indirect redistribution through production distortion or consumption distortion can Pareto-improve welfare and that the two theorems do not necessarily hold when different factors are imperfect substitutes and factor prices are endogenous. On the other hand, Saez J. Publ...
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作者：Kuziemko, Y; Levitt, SD
作者单位：University of Chicago; Harvard University
摘要：The number of prisoners incarcerated on drug-related offenses rose 15-fold between 1980 and 2000. This paper provides the first systematic empirical analysis of the implications of that dramatic shift in public policy. We estimate that cocaine prices are 5-15% higher today as a consequence of increases in drug punishment since 1985, presumably leading to reduced drug consumption. Incarcerating drug offenders is found to be almost as effective in reducing violent and property crime as locking u...
