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作者：Da Rin, Marco; Nicodano, Giovanna; Sembenelli, Alessandro
作者单位：University of Turin
摘要：We assess the effectiveness of different public policy instruments for the creation of active venture capital markets. Our methodology focusses on 'innovation ratios', defined to be the shares of high-tech, and of early stage, venture capital investments. We study a unique panel of data for 14 European countries between 1988 and 2001. We have several novel findings. First, we find no evidence of a shortage of supply of venture capital funds in Europe, a result which questions the effectiveness...
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作者：Brito, DL; Hamilton, JH; Intriligator, MD; Sheshinski, E; Slutsky, SM
作者单位：State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Rice University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Centro de Investigacion y Docencia Economicas A.C. (CIDE)
摘要：Most of the debate about Coasian bargaining in the presence of externalities relates to the First Welfare Theorem: is the outcome under bargaining efficient? This debate has involved the definition and importance of transaction costs, the significance of private information, and the effect of entry. There has been little analysis of how Coasian bargaining relates to the Second Welfare Theorem: even if the bargaining outcome is efficient, does the process limit the set of Pareto optimal allocat...
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作者：Royalty, Anne Beeson; Abraham, Jean M.
作者单位：Purdue University System; Purdue University; Purdue University in Indianapolis; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
摘要：Most Americans obtain access to health insurance through an employer. In this paper, we ask how the link between health insurance and employment affects labor market choices such as whether to work full-time. To understand the effect of the incentives embedded in the employer-based insurance system, we study the joint decision-making of husbands and wives that determines the household's access to health insurance. We estimate the effect on a wife's (husband's) labor market outcomes of husband'...
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作者：Jack, W; Lagunoff, R
作者单位：Georgetown University
摘要：Why would an enfranchised elite voluntarily dilute its power by expanding the franchise? The central intuition behind our analysis is that the dilution of power by an enfranchised elite is equivalent to the delegation of power by one member of the elite-a pivotal voter-to another citizen, who in turn becomes the pivotal voter in the new (expanded) elite. Such delegation might be useful if it allows the current pivotal voter to credibly commit to future policy choices. The current pivotal voter...
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作者：Desai, MA; Foley, CF; Hines, JR
作者单位：Harvard University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
摘要：What types of firms establish tax haven operations, and what purposes do these operations serve? Analysis of affiliate-level data for American firms indicates that larger, more international firms, and those with extensive intrafirm trade and high R and D intensities, are the most likely to use tax havens. Tax haven operations facilitate tax avoidance both by permitting firms to allocate taxable income away from high-tax jurisdictions and by reducing the burden of home country taxation of fore...
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作者：Farnham, M; Sevak, P
作者单位：University of Victoria; City University of New York (CUNY) System; Hunter College (CUNY)
摘要：Using the Health and Retirement Study and a national panel of local fiscal data, we test a lifecycle model of Tiebout sorting. On average, cross-state, empty-nest movers-presumed to be out of fiscal equilibrium-experience large fiscal gains in the form of reduced exposure to local school spending and property taxes, while local empty-nest movers experience no fiscal adjustment. We find evidence that within-state fiscal adjustment is constrained by state institutions that limit local discretion...
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作者：Austen-Smith, David; Wallerstein, Michael
作者单位：Northwestern University; Yale University
摘要：The paper develops an integrated political economy model in which individuals are distinguished by earning ability and an ascriptive characteristic, race. The policy space is a transfer payment to low-income workers financed by a flat tax on wages and an affirmative action constraint on firms' hiring decisions. The distribution of income and the policy are endogenous, with the latter being the outcome of a legislative bargaining game between three legislative blocs. The model provides support ...
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作者：Nordblom, Katarina; Ohlsson, Henry
作者单位：University of Gothenburg; Uppsala University
摘要：We study how taxes on intra-family transfers (bequests and gifts) affect parents' transfers to their children. Our focus is on the incentives for tax avoidance. These issues are important for families and their welfare, as well as for governments and their possibilities of raising revenue from transfer taxes. Using a theoretical model, we show how altruistic parents avoid taxes by changing the timing of transfers when inter vivos gifts are taxed separately from bequests (which is the case in m...
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作者：Watson, Tara
作者单位：Williams College
摘要：To what extent do differential levels of investment in public health inputs explain observed differences in health outcomes across socioeconomic and racial groups? This study investigates the impact of 3700 projects that were part of a widespread Federal initiative to improve sanitation infrastructure on U.S. Indian reservations starting in 1960. Sanitation investment substantially reduced the cost of clean water for households, leading to sharp reductions in both waterborne gastrointestinal d...
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作者：Belan, Pascal; Gauthier, Stephane
作者单位：Institut Polytechnique de Paris; ENSAE Paris; Nantes Universite; Universite de Caen Normandie
摘要：This paper analyzes the optimal structure of indirect taxation when the number of available tax rates is smaller than the number of taxable commodities. Such a constraint requires to choose the levels of tax rates and the groups of commodities that will be taxed at equal rates (or exempted). In a partial equilibrium framework, with a single agent and a low amount of tax collection, it is shown that the process of allocation of commodities to groups depends on both price elasticities and consum...
