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作者：Robinson, Jonathan; Yeh, Ethan
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; The World Bank
摘要：Though formal and informal sex work has long been identified as crucial for the spread of HIV/AIDS, the nature of the sex-for-money inarket remains poorly understood. Using a unique panel dataset constructed from 192 self-reported diaries, we find that women who engage in transactional sex substantially increase their supply of risky, better compensated sex to cope with unexpected health shocks, particularly the illness of another household member These behavioral responses entail significant ...
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作者：Deschenes, Olivier; Greenstone, Michael
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; National Bureau of Economic Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Brookings Institution
摘要：Using random year-to-year variation in temperature, we document the relationship between daily temperatures and annual mortality rates and daily temperatures and annual residential energy consumption. Both relationships exhibit nonlinearities, with significant increases at the extremes of the temperature distribution. The application of these results to business as usual climate predictions indicates that by the end of the century climate change will lead to increases of 3 percent in the age-a...
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作者：Anderson, Siwan
作者单位：University of British Columbia; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR)
摘要：We compare outcomes across two types of villages in rural India. Villages vary by which caste is dominant (owns the majority of land): either a low or high caste. The key finding is that income is substantially higher for low-caste households residing in villages dominated by a low caste. This seems to be due to a trade breakdown in irrigation water across caste groups. All else equal, lower caste water buyers have agricultural yields which are 45 percent higher if they reside in a village whe...
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作者：Stephens, Melvin, Jr.; Unayama, Takashi
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Kobe University
摘要：Japanese public pension benefits, which were distributed quarterly through February 1990, and every other month since then, induce substantial but predictable income fluctuations. The relative magnitude of the payments combined with the delay between payments yields a stronger test of the Life-Cycle/Permanent Income Hypothesis than in prior studies. Applying two identification strategies to monthly household panel data, we find that consumption significantly responds to quarterly benefit recei...
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作者：Doyle, Joseph J., Jr.
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Health care spending varies widely across markets, and previous research finds little evidence that higher spending translates into better health outcomes. The main innovation in this paper exploits this cross-sectional variation in hospital spending in a new way by considering emergency patients who are exposed to healthcare systems when they are far from home. Visitors to Florida who become ill in high-spending areas have significantly lower mortality rates compared to visitors in lower spen...
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作者：Edmonds, Eric V.; Pavcnik, Nina; Topalova, Petia
作者单位：Dartmouth College; National Bureau of Economic Research; International Monetary Fund
摘要：Does trade policy influence schooling and child labor in low-income countries? We examine this question in the context of India's 1991 tariff reforms. While schooling increased and child labor declined in rural India in the 1990s, these trends are attenuated in districts with employment concentrated in industries losing tariff protection. As the loss of protection causes a relative rise in poverty in affected districts, families reduce schooling to save schooling costs. Girls disproportionatel...
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作者：Chou, Shin-Yi; Liu, Jin-Tan; Grossman, Michael; Joyce, Ted
作者单位：Lehigh University; National Bureau of Economic Research; National Taiwan University; City University of New York (CUNY) System; City University of New York (CUNY) System; Baruch College (CUNY)
摘要：In 1968, the Taiwanese government extended compulsory education from 6 to 9 years and opened over 150 new junior high schools at a differential rate among regions. Within each region, we exploit variations across cohorts in new junior high school openings to construct an instrument for schooling, and employ it to estimate the causal effects of mother's or father's schooling on infant birth outcomes in the years 1978-1999. Parents' schooling does cause favorable infant health outcomes. The incr...
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作者：De Giorgi, Giacomo; Pellizzari, Michele; Redaelli, Silvia
作者单位：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Bocconi University
摘要：In this paper, we demonstrate that, in a context where peer groups do not overlap fully, it is possible to identify all the relevant parameters of the standard linear-in-means model of social interactions. We apply this novel identification structure to study peer effects in the choice of college major. Results show that one is more likely to choose a major when many of her peers make the same choice. We also show that peers can divert students from majors in which they have a relative ability...
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作者：Magruder, Jeremy R.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：This paper examines the importance of network-based intergenerational correlations in South Africa. I use longitudinal data on young South Africans to examine the covariance of children's employment with the usefulness of parents in their job search. I find that fathers serve as useful network connections to their sons (not daughters), and that mothers do not seem to be useful network connections. The father-son effect is robust to alternate explanations of specific human capital and correlate...
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作者：Fryer, Roland G., Jr.; Levitt, Steven D.
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Chicago; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We document and analyze the emergence of a substantial gender gap in mathematics in the early years of schooling using a large, recent, and nationally representative panel of US children. There are no mean differences between boys and girls upon entry to school, but girls lose more than two-tenths of a standard deviation relative to boys over the first six years of school. The ground lost by girls relative to boys is roughly half as large as the black-white test score gap that appears over the...
