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作者：Eizenberg, Alon; Salvo, Alberto
作者单位：Hebrew University of Jerusalem; National University of Singapore
摘要：The emerging middle class is a force of economic importance in many consumer markets around the globe. A striking phenomenon in some of these markets is the growth of generic, low-price brands. This paper examines these phenomena in Brazil's large soft drink market. Our study draws on data sources that capture both social mobility and market outcomes. Our analysis suggests that the emergence of a price-sensitive, new middle class aided the staggering growth of a fringe of generic producers. Ou...
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作者：Ambler, Kate; Aycinena, Diego; Yang, Dean
作者单位：CGIAR; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We implement a randomized experiment offering Salvadoran migrants matching funds for educational remittances, which are channeled directly to a beneficiary student in El Salvador chosen by the migrant. The matches lead to increased educational expenditures, higher private school attendance, and lower labor supply of youths in El Salvador households connected to migrant study participants. We find substantial crowd-in of educational investments: for each $1 received by beneficiaries, educationa...
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作者：Imbert, Clement; Papp, John
作者单位：University of Oxford
摘要：We estimate the effect of a large rural workfare program in India on private employment and wages by comparing trends in districts that received the program earlier relative to those that received it later. Our results suggest that public sector hiring crowded out private sector work and increased private sector wages. We compute the implied welfare gains of the program by consumption quintile. Our calculations show that the welfare gains to the poor from the equilibrium increase in private se...
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作者：Banerjee, Abhijit; Duflo, Esther; Glennerster, Rachel; Kinnan, Cynthia
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; Northwestern University
摘要：This paper reports results from the randomized evaluation of a group-lending microcredit program in Hyderabad, India. A lender worked in 52 randomly selected neighborhoods, leading to an 8.4 percentage point increase in takeup of microcredit. Small business investment and profits of preexisting businesses increased, but consumption did not significantly increase. Durable goods expenditure increased, while temptation goods expenditure declined. We found no significant changes in health, educati...
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作者：Crepon, Bruno; Devoto, Florencia; Duflo, Esther; Pariente, William
作者单位：Institut Polytechnique de Paris; ENSAE Paris; Paris School of Economics; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Universite Catholique Louvain
摘要：We report results from a randomized evaluation of a microcredit program introduced in rural areas of Morocco in 2006. Thirteen percent of the households in treatment villages took a loan, and none in control villages did. Among households identified as more likely to borrow, microcredit access led to a significant rise in investment in assets used for self-employment activities, and an increase in profit, but also to a reduction in income from casual labor. Overall there was no gain in income ...
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作者：Tarozzi, Alessandro; Desai, Jaikishan; Johnson, Kristin
作者单位：Pompeu Fabra University; Barcelona School of Economics; Victoria University Wellington; Harvard University
摘要：We use data from a randomized controlled trial conducted in 2003-2006 in rural Amhara and Oromiya (Ethiopia) to study the impacts of increasing access to microfinance on a number of socioeconomic outcomes, including income from agriculture, animal husbandry, nonfarm self-employment, labor supply, schooling and indicators of women's empowerment. We document that despite substantial increases in borrowing in areas assigned to treatment the null of no impact cannot be rejected for a large majorit...
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作者：Marshall, Guillermo
作者单位：University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
摘要：This paper studies a market where soda is sold in both refillable and nonrefillable bottles. Purchasing refillables is inconvenient but cheaper. Using a discrete choice model, I find that price-sensitive customers put less weight on the inconveniences of purchasing refillables. This implies that a retailer can target lower prices to price-sensitive customers using the refillable segment. I evaluate the overall welfare consequences of this market segmentation and find that both customer welfare...
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作者：Banerjee, Abhijit; Karlan, Dean; Zinman, Jonathan
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Yale University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Dartmouth College
摘要：Causal evidence on microcredit impacts informs theory, practice, and debates about its effectiveness as a development tool. The six randomized evaluations in this volume use a variety of sampling, data collection, experimental design, and econometric strategies to identify causal effects of expanded access to microcredit on borrowers and/or communities. These methods are deployed across an impressive range of locations-six countries on four continents, urban and rural areas-borrower characteri...
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作者：Breda, Thomas; Ly, Son Thierry
作者单位：Paris School of Economics
摘要：We investigate the link between how male-dominated a field is, and gender bias against women in this field. Taking the entrance exam of a French higher education institution as a natural experiment, we find that evaluation is actually biased in favor of females in more male-dominated subjects (e.g., math, philosophy) and in favor of males in more female-dominated subjects (e.g., literature, biology), inducing a rebalancing of gender ratios between students recruited for research careers in sci...
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作者：Royer, Heather; Stehr, Mark; Sydnor, Justin
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Drexel University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
摘要：Financial incentives have shown strong positive short-run effects for problematic health behaviors that likely stem from time inconsistency. However, the effects often disappear once incentive programs end. This paper analyzes the results of a large-scale workplace field experiment to examine whether self-funded commitment contracts can improve the long-run effects of an incentive program. A four-week incentive program targeting use of the company gym generated only small lasting effects on be...
