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作者：Alvarez, Fernando; Beraja, Martin; Gonzalez-Rozada, Martin; Andres Neumeyer, Pablo
作者单位：University of Chicago; National Bureau of Economic Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Universidad Torcuato Di Tella
摘要：In this article, we analyze how inflation affects firms' price-setting behavior. For a class of menu cost models, we derive several predictions about how price-setting changes with inflation at very high and at near-zero inflation rates. Then, we present evidence supporting these predictions using product-level data underlying Argentina's consumer price index from 1988 to 1997-a unique experience where monthly inflation ranged from almost 200% to less than zero. For low inflation rates, we fin...
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作者：Carlana, Michela
作者单位：Harvard University
摘要：I study whether exposure to teacher stereotypes, as measured by the Gender-Science Implicit Association Test, affects student achievement. I provide evidence that the gender gap in math performance, defined as the score of boys minus the score of girls in standardized tests, substantially increases when students are assigned to math teachers with stronger gender stereotypes. Teacher stereotypes induce girls to underperform in math and self-select into less demanding high schools, following the...
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作者：Allcott, Hunt; Diamond, Rebecca; Dube, Jean-Pierre; Handbury, Jessie; Rahkovsky, Ilya; Schnell, Molly
作者单位：New York University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Stanford University; University of Chicago; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Northwestern University
摘要：We study the causes of nutritional inequality: why the wealthy eat more healthfully than the poor in the United States. Exploiting supermarket entry and household moves to healthier neighborhoods, we reject that neighborhood environments contribute meaningfully to nutritional inequality. We then estimate a structural model of grocery demand, using a new instrument exploiting the combination of grocery retail chains' differing presence across geographic markets with their differing comparative ...
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作者：Chodorow-Reich, Gabriel; Coglianese, John; Karabarbounis, Loukas
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve System Board of Governors; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Federal Reserve System - USA
摘要：By how much does an extension of unemployment benefits affect macroeconomic outcomes such as unemployment? Answering this question is challenging because U.S. law extends benefits for states experiencing high unemployment. We use data revisions to decompose the variation in the duration of benefits into the part coming from actual differences in economic conditions and the part coming from measurement error in the real-time data used to determine benefit extensions. Using only the variation co...
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作者：Bell, Alex; Chetty, Raj; Jaravel, Xavier; Petkova, Neviana; Van Reenen, John
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; United States Department of the Treasury; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
摘要：We characterize the factors that determine who becomes an inventor in the United States, focusing on the role of inventive ability (nature) versus environment (nurture). Using deidentified data on 1.2 million inventors from patent records linked to tax records, we first show that children's chances of becoming inventors vary sharply with characteristics at birth, such as their race, gender, and parents' socioeconomic class. For example, children from high-income (top 1%) families are 10 times ...
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作者：Blouin, Arthur; Macchiavello, Rocco
作者单位：University of Toronto; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：This article studies strategic default on forward sale contracts in the international coffee market. To test for strategic default, we construct contract-specific measures of unanticipated changes in market conditions by comparing spot prices at maturity with the relevant futures prices at the contracting date. Unanticipated rises in market prices increase defaults on fixed-price contracts but not on price-indexed ones. We isolate strategic default by focusing on unanticipated rises at the tim...
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作者：Atalay, Enghin; Hortacsu, Ali; Li, Mary Jialin; Syverson, Chad
作者单位：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Philadelphia; University of Chicago
摘要：We examine the within- and across-firm shipment decisions of tens of thousands of goods-producing and goods-distributing establishments. This allows us to quantify the normally unobservable forces that determine firm boundaries, that is, which transactions are mediated by ownership control, as opposed to contracts or markets. We find firm boundaries to be an economically significant barrier to trade: having an additional vertically integrated establishment in a given destination ZIP code has t...
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作者：Keiser, David A.; Shapiro, Joseph S.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Since the 1972 U.S. Clean Water Act, government and industry have invested over $1 trillion to abate water pollution, or $100 per person-year. Over half of U.S. stream and river miles, however, still violate pollution standards. We use the most comprehensive set of files ever compiled on water pollution and its determinants, including 50 million pollution readings from 240,000 monitoring sites and a network model of all U.S. rivers, to study water pollution's trends, causes, and welfare conseq...
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作者：Ilzetzki, Ethan; Reinhart, Carmen M.; Rogoff, Kenneth S.
作者单位：University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; Harvard University
摘要：This article provides a comprehensive history of anchor or reference currencies, exchange rate arrangements, and a new measure of foreign exchange restrictions for 194 countries and territories over 1946-2016. We find that the often cited post-Bretton Woods transition from fixed to flexible arrangements is overstated; regimes with limited flexibility remain in the majority. Even if central bankers' communications jargon has evolved considerably in recent decades, it is apparent that many still...
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作者：Cooper, Zack; Craig, Stuart V.; Gaynor, Martin; Van Reenen, John
作者单位：Yale University; University of Pennsylvania; Carnegie Mellon University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
摘要：We use insurance claims data covering 28% of individuals with employer-sponsored health insurance in the United States to study the variation in health spending on the privately insured, examine the structure of insurer-hospital contracts, and analyze the variation in hospital prices across the nation. Health spending per privately insured beneficiary differs by a factor of three across geographic areas and has a very low correlation with Medicare spending. For the privately insured, half of t...
