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作者：Gulesci, Selim; Jindani, Sam; La Ferrara, Eliana; Smerdon, David; Sulaiman, Munshi; Young, Peyton
作者单位：Trinity College Dublin; National University of Singapore; Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR); Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Queensland; Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee BRAC; BRAC University; University of Oxford
摘要：We propose a model to study when an intermediate action can serve as a stepping stone that enables the elimination of a harmful norm. While the intermediate action may facilitate the first step, it may also become a new norm. We derive intuitive conditions for stepping stones, which depend on the relative size of social penalties and intrinsic utility benefits. We propose an econometric approach to testing whether an intermediate action is a stepping stone, and apply it to original data on fem...
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作者：Goncalves, Felipe; Jacome, Elisa; Weisburst, Emily
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Bureau of Economic Research; Northwestern University
摘要：We study the role of victim reporting in the production of public safety. We examine the Secure Communities program, a crime-reduction policy that involved police in detecting unauthorized immigrants and increased deportation fears in immigrant communities. We find that the policy reduced the likelihood that Hispanic victims report crimes to police and increased offending against Hispanics. The number of reported crimes is unchanged, masking these opposing effects. We show that reduced reporti...
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作者：Daysal, N. Meltem; Ding, Hu, I; Rossin-Slater, Maya; Schwandt, Hannes
作者单位：University of Copenhagen; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; IZA Institute Labor Economics; Fudan University; Shanghai Institute of International Finance & Economics; Stanford Medicine; Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Northwestern University; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK
摘要：Preschool-aged children get sick frequently and spread disease to other family members. Despite the universality of this experience, there is limited causal evidence on the magnitudes and consequences of these externalities, especially for infant siblings with developing immune systems and brains. We show in Danish administrative data that during infancy, younger siblings have two to three times higher hospitalization rates for respiratory conditions than older siblings. We combine birth order...
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作者：Becko, John Sturm; Sztutman, Andre
作者单位：Carnegie Mellon University
摘要：A common interpretation of Pareto-efficient policies is that, for some cardinal utility representations of preferences, they maximize utilitarian welfare. We show in the context of income taxation that such cardinalizations are often extreme, requiring unbounded curvature of utility with respect to consumption. Taxes can be justified as utilitarian without these extreme cardinalizations if and only if revenues are decreasing and concave in a class of narrowly targeted tax cuts. We reformulate ...
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作者：Garleanu, Nicolae; Panageas, Stavros; Zheng, Geoffery
摘要：We provide a model to explain how the interaction between the spot and lending markets for stocks can lead to abrupt changes in short selling activity. Furthermore, rational short sellers may choose to abandon the market even as mispricing widens. We document empirically that the dynamics of short selling are fat tailed and subject to abrupt changes, especially for the stocks that the model identifies as susceptible to such dynamics. (JEL G11, G12, G14, G41)
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作者：Tsivanidis, Nick
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：This paper estimates the effects of improving public transit infrastructure on city structure and welfare. It develops a quantitative urban model with multiple worker groups and transit modes, and derives a special case yielding sufficient statistics for aggregate welfare in a broad class of models. The paper estimates reduced-form elasticities to implement the approach using data spanning construction of the world's largest Bus Rapid Transit system in Bogot & aacute;, Colombia. This class of ...
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作者：Deaner, Ben
作者单位：University of London; University College London
摘要：In additive instrumental variables models, the robustness to some failure of instrumental validity or additive separability depends on the strength of a priori restrictions on the structural relationship between outcomes and treatments. I provide theoretical analysis of the problem, discuss the implications for empirical practice, and demonstrate with a numerical study calibrated on real-world data. (JEL C26, G51, H24, J13)
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作者：Currie, Janet
摘要：The child mental health crisis has been described as the defining public health crisis of our time. This article addresses three myths about the crisis: (i) the idea that the crisis is new; (ii) the belief that increases in youth suicide mainly reflect deterioration in children's underlying mental health; and (iii) the myth that investments in children have little impact on children's mental health. In fact, the crisis has existed for decades, youth suicides vary asynchronously with other ment...
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作者：Chen, Qiaoyi; Chen, Zhao; Liu, Zhikuo; Serrato, Juan Carlos Suarez; Xu, Daniel Yi
作者单位：Fudan University
摘要：We study a prominent energy regulation affecting large Chinese manufacturers that are part of broader conglomerates. Using detailed firm-level data and difference-in-differences research designs, we show that regulated firms cut output and shifted some production to unregulated firms within their conglomerate instead of improving their energy efficiency. To account for conglomerate and market spillovers, we interpret these results through the lens of an industry equilibrium model featuring con...
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作者：Bhattacharya, Vivek; Illanes, Gaston; Stillerman, David
作者单位：Northwestern University; National Bureau of Economic Research; American University
摘要：We document the effects of a comprehensive set of mergers of consumer packaged goods manufacturers on prices, quantities, and product assortment. Across specifications, we find a small average price effect of mergers (-0.5-1.1 percent) but substantial heterogeneity, with a standard deviation between 3.9 and 7.6 percentage points. Through a model of enforcement, we find that agencies act as if they challenge mergers they expect would increase prices more than 4.8 to 6.3 percent. Increases in st...
