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• Thalamic activation of the visual cortex at the single-synapse level AI翻译
  作者：Chen, Yang; Kloos, Marinus; Varga, Zsuzsanna; Zhang, Yonghai; Piro, Inken; Sato, Tatsuo K.; Sakmann, Bert; Nelken, Israel; Konnerth, Arthur
  作者单位：Technical University of Munich; Kagoshima University; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
  摘要：Deciphering thalamocortical (TC) activation at the level of individual synapses is essential to understanding how the cortex processes sensory information. In this work, we studied TC computation underlying the emergence of orientation selectivity in the mammalian primary visual cortex (V1). Using two-photon glutamate imaging and optogenetic cortical silencing in vivo, we identified and characterized TC synapses onto mouse V1 layer 4 neurons. We found that TC- but not corticocortical-recipient...
• Chromatin buffers torsional stress during transcription AI翻译
  作者：Qian, Jin; Lubkowska, Lucyna; Zhang, Shuming; Tan, Chuang; Hong, Yifeng; Jia, Xiaomeng; Fulbright, Robert M.; Inman, James T.; Kay, Taryn M.; Jeong, Joshua; Hauk, Glenn; Gotte, Deanna; Berger, James M.; Kashlev, Mikhail; Wang, Michelle D.
  作者单位：Cornell University; Cornell University; Cornell University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Cornell University; Cornell University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
  摘要：During eukaryotic transcription, RNA polymerase II (Pol II) must overcome nucleosome obstacles and, because of DNA's helical structure, must also rotate relative to DNA, which generates torsional stress. However, there is limited understanding of how Pol II transcribes through nucleosomes while supercoiling DNA. In this work, we determined that Pol II generates a torque of 9 piconewton-nanometers (pN & centerdot;nm) alone and 13 pN & centerdot;nm with transcription factor IIS (TFIIS), making i...
• Structure and organization of AMPA receptor-TARP complexes in the mammalian cerebellum AI翻译
  作者：Scrutton, Alexander M.; Sengupta, Nayanika; Ivica, Josip; Stockwell, Imogen; Peak-Chew, Sew; Singh, Bishal; Suzuki, Kunimichi; Chang, Veronica T.; McLaughlin, Stephen H.; Krieger, James M.; Aricescu, A. Radu; Greger, Ingo H.
  作者单位：MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC); MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC); University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; Keio University; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC)
  摘要：AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are multimodal transducers of glutamatergic signals throughout the brain. Their diversity is exemplified in the cerebellum: At afferent synapses, AMPARs mediate high-frequency excitation, whereas in Bergmann glia (BG) they support calcium transients that modulate synaptic transmission. This spectrum arises from different combinations of core subunits (GluA1-4), auxiliary proteins, and posttranscriptional modifications. Using mass spectrometry, cryo-electron microscopy, ...
• Resetting of a tandem microRNA156 enables vegetative perennial growth in rice AI翻译
  作者：Dai, Bingxin; Lv, Danfeng; Chen, Erwang; Gu, Zhoulin; Guo, Dongling; Li, Yan; Zhang, Yaoxin; Liu, Kun; Wang, Ahong; Zhao, Qiang; Zhao, Yan; Hou, Qingqing; Wang, Yongchun; Feng, Qi; Fan, Danlin; Zhou, Congcong; Tian, Qilin; Wang, Zixuan; Wang, Jia-Wei; Han, Bin
  作者单位：Chinese Academy of Sciences; Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, CAS; ShanghaiTech University
  摘要：Annual cultivated rice was domesticated from perennial wild rice, yet the genetic mechanism of perennial growth habit remains unclear. Using introgression lines of wild and cultivated rice, we identified the Endless Branches and Tillers (EBT1) locus, comprising tandem microRNA156 genes (MIR156BC). This locus is responsible for floral reversion and vegetative propagation contributing to perennial growth in wild rice. The wild rice allele EBT1W1943 exhibits higher chromatin accessibility and low...
• KRAShing pancreatic cancer before takeoff: Drugs that inhibit KRAS signaling delay the development of pancreatic cancer in mice AI翻译
  作者：Neel, Benjamin G.; Maitra, Anirban
• A global screen for magnetically induced neuronal activity in the pigeon brain AI翻译
  作者：Nordmann, Gregory C.; Balay, Spencer D.; Kapuruge, Thamari N.; Numi, Marco; Leeb, Christoph; Nimpf, Simon; Malkemper, E. Pascal; Landler, Lukas; Keays, David A.
  作者单位：University of Munich; University of Vienna; Medical University of Vienna; BOKU University; University of Cambridge; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
  摘要：How animals detect Earth's magnetic field remains a mystery in sensory biology. Despite extensive behavioral evidence, the neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms responsible for magnetic sensing remain elusive. Adopting an unbiased approach, we used whole-brain activity mapping, tissue clearing, and light sheet microscopy to identify neuronal populations activated by magnetic stimuli in the pigeon (Columba livia). We demonstrate robust, light-independent bilateral neuronal activation in the...
• Neanderthal males paired with modern human females AI翻译
  作者：Alex, Bridget
• Acceleration hotspots of North American birds' decline are associated with agriculture AI翻译
  作者：Leroy, Francois; Jarzyna, Marta A.; Keil, Petr
  作者单位：Czech University of Life Sciences Prague; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
  摘要：Human activities might have accelerated declines of population abundance, but this acceleration remains underexplored. Using 1033 North American Breeding Bird Survey routes, we analyze abundance change and its acceleration for 261 bird species, 54 avian families, and 10 habitats from 1987 to 2021. We show an average continent-wide decline of abundance of all birds per local route, with hotspots of decline in southern and warm parts of North America and hotspots of accelerating decline in the M...
• Matching sounds to shapes: Evidence of the bouba-kiki effect in naïve baby chicks AI翻译
  作者：Loconsole, Maria; Benavides-Varela, Silvia; Regolin, Lucia
  作者单位：University of Padua; University of Padua; University of Padua
  摘要：Humans across multiple languages spontaneously associate the nonwords kiki and bouba with spiky and round shapes, respectively, a phenomenon named the bouba-kiki effect. To explore the origin of this association, and whether it is unique to humans, we tested the bouba-kiki effect in baby domestic chickens (Gallus gallus). As a precocial species, chicks can be tested shortly after hatching, allowing us to control their pretest experiences. Similar to humans, both 3-day-old [Experiment 1 (Exp. 1...
• The science and practice of proportionality in AI risk evaluations AI翻译
  作者：Mougan, Carlos; Morlock, Lauritz; Aguirre, Jair; Black, James R. M.; Brauner, Jan; Campos, Simeon; Dev, Sunishchal; Llorca, David Fernandez; Franzin, Alberto; Fritz, Mario; Gomez, Emilia; Grosse-Holz, Friederike; Hamilton, Eloise; Hasin, Max; Hernandez-Orallo, Jose; Lahav, Dan; Massarelli, Luca; Mavroudis, Vasilios; Murray, Malcolm; Paskov, Patricia; Raldua, Jaime; Schellaert, Wout
  作者单位：RAND Corporation; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Universitat Politecnica de Valencia; University of Cambridge; Alan Turing Institute